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Item Cracking the Code of Geo-Identifiers: Harnessing Data-Based Decision-Making for the Public Good(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022) Herzog, Patricia SnellThe accessibility of official statistics to non-expert users could be aided by employing natural language processing and deep learning models to dataset lexicons. Specifically, the semantic structure of FIPS codes would offer a relatively standardized data dictionary of column names and string variable structure to identify: two-digits for states, followed by three-digits for counties. The technical, methodological contribution of this paper is a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications based on FIPS code analysis indicated that between 27,954 and 1,970,000 publications attend to this geo- identifier. Within a single dataset reporting national representative and longitudinal survey data, 141 publications utilize FIPS data. The high incidence shows the research impact. Yet, the low proportion of only 2.0 percent of all publications utilizing this dataset also shows a gap even among expert users. A data use case drawn from public health data implies that cracking the code of geo-identifiers could advance access by helping everyday users formulate data inquiries within intuitive language.Item Cross-Cultural Values: A Meta-Analysis of Major Quantitative Studies in the Last Decade (2010–2020)(MDPI, 2020-08) Goodwin, Jamie Lynn; Williams, Andrew Lloyd; Herzog, Patricia Snell; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropySince 2010, scholars have made major contributions to cross-cultural research, especially regarding similarities and differences across world regions and countries in people’s values, beliefs, and morality. This paper accumulates and analyzes extant multi-national and quantitative studies of these facets of global culture. The paper begins with a summary of the modern history of cross-cultural research, then systematically reviews major empirical studies published since 2010, and next analyzes extant approaches to interpret how the constructs of belief, morality, and values have been theorized and operationalized. The analysis reveals that the field of cross-cultural studies remains dominated by Western approaches, especially studies developed and deployed from the United States and Western Europe. While numerous surveys have been translated and employed for data collection in countries beyond the U.S. and Western Europe, several countries remain under-studied, and the field lacks approaches that were developed within the countries of interest. The paper concludes by outlining future directions for the study of cross-cultural research. To progress from the colonialist past embedded within cross-cultural research, in which scholars from the U.S. and Western Europe export research tools to other world regions, the field needs to expand to include studies locally developed and deployed within more countries and world regions.Item The Science of College: Navigating the First Year and Beyond(Oxford University Press, 2020-03-02) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Harris, Casey T.; Morimoto, Shauna A.; Barker, Shane W.; Wheeler, Jill G.; Barnum, A. Justin; Boyd, Terrance L.; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyThe transition to adulthood is a complex process, and college is pivotal to this experience. "The Science of College" aids entering college students--and the people who support them--in navigating college successfully, with up-to-date recommendations based upon real student situations, sound social science research, and the collective experiences of faculty, lecturers, advisors, and student support staff. The stories captured in this book highlight how the challenges that college students encounter vary in important ways based on demographics and social backgrounds. Despite these varied backgrounds, all students are more likely to have successful college experiences if they invest in their communities. Universities have many resources available, but as this book will show, students need to learn when to access which resources and how best to engage with people serving students. This includes having a better awareness of the different roles held by university faculty and staff, and navigating who to go to for what, based upon understanding their distinct sets of expertise and approaches to support. There is no single template for student success. Yet, this book highlights common issues that many students face and provides science-based advice for how to navigate college. Each topic covered is geared towards the life stage that most college students are in: emerging adulthood. In addition to the student-focused chapters, the book includes appendixes with activities for students, tips for parents, and methods information for faculty. Supplemental website materials suggest classroom activities for instructors who adopt this book within first-year seminars and general education courses.Item Contextual Effects(American Cancer Society, 2020) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropySocial scientists since the original Chicago School researchers find that neighborhoods and other geographic areas exert effects on residents, both while they live in those areas and even long afterward. The context effects are net of the individuals composing them, meaning there are cumulative effects that cannot be explained by individual-level characteristics alone. Another way of describing this is to state that the sum is greater than its parts: neighborhoods and other geographic areas, such as counties, states, and nations, combine social resources in ways that can influence the kind of lives that people living in those areas have over time. Contextual effects have a long history in sociological studies, dating back at least to the early Chicago School, and affect several types of social outcomes, including economic, educational and developmental, health and psychological well-being, crime and delinquency, and community involvement. Future directions of contextual effects research will account for the objective and structural features of geographic areas, in conjunction with the subjective and perceptual aspects.Item Religiosity and Generosity: Multi-Level Approaches to Studying the Religiousness of Prosocial Actions(MDPI, 2020-09) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Strohmeier, Amy; King, David P.; Khader, Rafia A.; Williams, Andrew L.; Goodwin, Jamie L.; Doan, Dana R. H.; Moyo, BhekinkosiThis paper provides a meta-analysis of the intersection of (a) religiosity and spirituality with (b) generosity, philanthropy, nonprofits, and prosociality. The study is informed by three informational sources, chronologically: (1) informational interviews with scholars and practitioners based within and studying regions outside of the U.S. and Western Europe; (2) discovery search of purposefully selected extant publications, especially focusing on the last decade of contemporary scholarship; and (3) systematic search of relevant peer-reviewed publication outlets since 2010. Reviewed publications are categorized by level of analysis into macro, meso, and micro approaches. Across each level and source, publications are also geo-tagged for their geographic scope. Particular attention is paid to the under-studied world regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The results reveal that Asia is the most studied and Latin America the least studied, and that meso-level approaches are the most common while micro-level are the least common. Additionally, a map of publication counts reveals within-region inequalities by country. Implications of the analysis are drawn for future studies, particularly ways to advance this interdisciplinary field.Item Global Studies of Religiosity and Spirituality: A Systematic Review for Geographic and Topic Scopes(MDPI, 2020-08) Herzog, Patricia SnellThis paper advances the global study of religiosity by conducting a systematic review of the geographic scope, religious traditions, levels of analysis, and topics investigated within contemporary scientific studies of religion, paying particular attention to intersections with generosity. The analysis builds upon a meta-analysis of 30 years of scientific studies of religion that was published ten years ago and engages a similar framework to analyze the most recent ten years of research on religiosity and spirituality. Specifically, this analysis codes for the potential for Western-centrism, Christian-centrism, and congregational-centrism, all while attending to ways to study the potential intersection between religiosity and generosity, especially during the formative youth development life stage. Two data sources inform this analysis: the international data catalog of the Association for Religious Research Archives (ARDA) and the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (JSSR). The results indicate that centrism remains, though perhaps to a lesser extent than in the previous decades, with the notable exception of a remaining inequality in the geographic scope. Implications for research are discussed, including practical implications to implementing a better geo-tagging process to more overtly identify the scope of data and make U.S. scope less implicit.Item Studying Religiosity and Spirituality: A Review of Macro, Micro, and Meso-Level Approaches(MDPI, 2020-09) Herzog, Patricia Snell; King, David P.; Khader, Rafia A.; Strohmeier, Amy; Williams, Andrew L.This paper seeks to advance the global study of religiosity and spirituality by conducting a meta-analysis of major approaches in the field. While the field, and thus the collected publications, are dominated by Western approaches, particular attention is paid in this analysis to publications from geographies that are not from the United States or Western Europe, especially these world regions: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Similarly, while the study of religiosity is considerably centered around Christianity, this analysis extends beyond Christianity, to the extent possible in extant studies, to include publications investigating other world religious traditions, such as African spirituality, African witchcraft, Afro-Caribbean religious traditions, Buddhism, Confucianism, folk religions, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Mormonism, Neo-paganism, New Religious Movements (NRMs), Shamanism, Sikhism, Spiritism, Taoism, and spirituality generally. A total of 530 publications were reviewed, and the studies are categorized by unit of analysis into: Macro, micro, and meso-level. Measurement constructs include religious demography, culture, belonging, behaving, believing, bonding, religious salience, spiritual identities, religious networks, occupations, congregations, denominations, and faith-based organizations. Non-Western sources and approaches are analyzed toward furthering future research in under-studied world regions. Implications are drawn for the field, such as the need to geo-code publications at the country level.Item Indiana Philanthropy Alliance: Youth Council Alumni Survey(Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, 2021-10-21) Hauser, Lucy; Herzog, Patricia SnellThis report summarizes Indiana youth council alumni data from the Indiana Philanthropy Alliance, in partnership with the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. Data were collected between 2014 and 2021, and the initial survey was completed during high school prior to youth participation in a youth council. The survey was longitudinal and collected data annually for the five years after youth graduated from the program. Youth participants were 18-23 years of age during the alumni survey data. Results indicate that participating in councils exposes youth to a range of philanthropic activities, resulting in initial increases in several forms of philanthropic activities. Council participation appears to increase donor participation rates above and beyond initial self-selection. Specifically, youth participants donated below the national average initially (-3%), but increased over time to above the national average (+18%). As youth are busier with college and launching careers, philanthropic participation across diverse and time-intensive forms of philanthropy appears to decline. However, activity becomes more concentrated in donating money, suggesting that youth council participation in formative development years establishes a commitment to philanthropy.Item AIMS Philanthropy Project: Studying AI, Machine Learning & Data Science Technology for Good(Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy and Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN., 2021-02-07) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Naik, Harshal R.; Khan, Haseeb A.This project investigates philanthropic activities related to Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science technology (AIMS). Advances in AIMS technology are impacting the field of philanthropy in substantial ways. This report focuses on methods employed in analyzing and visualizing five data sources: Open Philanthropy grants database, Rockefeller Foundation grants database, Chronicle of Philanthropy article database, GuideStar Nonprofit Database, and Google AI for Social Good grant awardees. The goal was to develop an accessible website platform that engaged human-centered UX user experience design techniques to present information about AIMS Philanthropy (https://www.aims-phil.org/). Each dataset was analyzed for a set of general questions that could be answered visually. The visuals aim to provide answers to these two primary questions: (1) How much funding was invested in AIMS? and (2) What focus areas, applications, discovery, or other purposes was AIMS-funded directed toward? Cumulatively, this project identified 325 unique organizations with a total of $2.6 billion in funding for AIMS philanthropy.Item Question-Generating Datasets: Facilitating Data Transformation of Official Statistics for Broad Citizenry Decision-Making(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020-05) Yadav, Rahul; Herzog, Patricia Snell; Bolchini, Davide; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyCitizenry decision-making relies on data for informed actions, and official statistics provide many of the relevant data needed for these decisions. However, the wide, distributed, and diverse datasets available from official statistics remain hard to access, scrutinise and manipulate, especially for non-experts. As a result, the complexities involved in official statistical databases create barriers to broader access to these data, often rendering the data non-actionable or irrelevant for the speed at which decisions are made in social and public life. To address this problem, this paper proposes an approach to automatically generating basic, factual questions from an existing dataset of official statistics. The question generating process, now specifically instantiated for geospatial data, starts from a raw dataset and gradually builds toward formulating and presenting users with examples of questions that the dataset can answer, and for which geographic units. This approach exemplifies a novel paradigm of question-first data rendering, where questions, rather than data tables, are used as a human-centred and relevant access points to explore, manipulate, navigate and cross-link data to support decision making. This approach can automate time-consuming aspects of data transformation and facilitate broader access to data.
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