Faith and Philanthropy

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    2009 Congregational Economic Impact Study
    (2009) IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy; Lake Institute on Faith & Giving; The Alban Institute
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    Changes in Religious Giving Reflect Changes in Involvement: Age and Cohort Effects in Religious Giving, Secular Giving, and Attendance
    (4/11/2007) Wilhelm, Mark O.; Rooney, Patrick M.; Tempel, Eugene R.
    We present two patterns over time in religious giving, secular giving, and religious service attendance. The first pattern describes the prewar cohort (born 1924–1938) as they aged between middle adulthood (ages 35–49) and their senior years (ages 62–76). The second pattern compares the baby boom cohort (born 1951–1965) in middle adulthood to the middle adulthood of the prewar cohort. We present patterns for all families as well as separately for Catholic and Protestant families using data from three sources. The prewar cohort increased their religious giving and attendance as they aged, but—compared to the prewar cohort in middle adulthood—baby boomers give less than expected to religion and attend less. Baby boomer giving is noticeably less-than-expected and attendance noticeably lower among Catholic boomers, but less so among Protestant boomers. We argue that together these patterns are evidence that changes in religious giving reflect changes in religious involvement.
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    DOES JEWISH PHILANTHROPY DIFFER BY SEX AND TYPE OF GIVING?
    (2010) Mesch, Debra J.; Moore, Zach; Ottoni-Wilhelm, Mark
    Little has been written on the role of gender in Jewish philanthropy, and there is even less empirical research on gender differences between Jewish men and women, or between Jews and non-Jews by gender. This study examines Jewish philanthropy by type of giving and gender. Spe-cifically, we examine the differing amounts given to charity (both reli-gious and secular) across eight groups, controlling for other factors that may affect philanthropic giving. These included four groups of married couples: those consisting of two Jewish spouses, of a Jewish man and a non-Jewish woman, of a non-Jewish man and a Jewish woman, and of two non-Jewish spouses; and four groups of singles: Jewish men, Jewish women, non-Jewish men and non-Jewish women. Using three waves of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we used regres-sion methods to examine the differences among the groups. Results indicated that the probability of giving and the amount given among Jewish women married to non-Jewish men are significantly less than among all other groups.
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    Reconciling Estimates of Religious Giving
    (2004-11) Brown, Melissa; Harris, Joseph Claude; Rooney, Patrick
    Since religious organizations have long been the single largest type of recipient of American giving, the authors undertook in 2003 to examine the Giving USA estimating procedure for giving to religion and compare Giving USA estimates with other approaches for estimating contributions to religion. The yearbook of philanthropy since 1955, Giving USA uses research done by other organizations to estimate giving to religion. Two studies form the basis of Giving USA's estimates. The first is a report from INDEPENDENT SECTOR, which used a national survey of congregations and estimated total giving to religion of $50 billion for 1986. The second is the annual rate of change in giving to religion, which is derived from denominational reports compiled annually by the National Council of Churches of Christ-USA. Since 2002, data about Catholic parish giving has been incorporated into the denominational list that is the basis of the estimated rate of change in giving to religion year to year.
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    Religious and Secular Giving, by Race and Ethnicity
    (2004) Ottoni-Wilhelm, Mark; Steinberg, Richard
    In this article, the authors advance the literature on whether apparent differences in the giving and volunteering of black versus white, or Hispanic versus other families, are real. They employ new data, COPPS, that help to determine whether the differences are due to race and ethnicity themselves or a variety of factors that are correlated with these labels.
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    Religious Giving
    (2007-12-18) Rooney, Patrick
    Religious giving has grown every year in both nominal and inflation-adjusted dollars since it has been tracked by Giving USA in 1955. Even during recessions, religious giving has grown, but it has grown relatively slowly averaging only 2% per year over the last 40 years compared to 5% per year for total giving. Over the last decade religious giving has grown 2.1% per year vs. 6.5% per year for total giving. The result is that religious giving as a share of total giving has fallen dramatically from over one-half for many years to under one-third today. In spite of the fact that many talk of the Biblical tithe, the author finds that less than 3% of US households give 10% or more to religious organizations and only 8.3% give 5% or more of their income to religion (including the 2.6% who give 10% or more). The paper also finds substantial variation in average giving levels by various religious affiliations. However, virtually all of the major religious affiliations for which there was data in both 1987/89 and 2001, the author found religious giving as a share of income has fallen by between one-fourth and three-fourths and that most faiths have experienced a decline of approximately one-third. The paper finds that income and wealth are important predictors of how much households donate and that tax itemizers give more than non-itemizers, even after controlling for differences in income and wealth. Marrieds and those with more children give more to religion. Religious giving grows with educational attainment but does not vary by race or ethnicity after controlling for income, wealth, etc. Not surprisingly, those with a religious affiliation give more than those without and those who are unemployed give significantly less than those who are employed.
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    What WorX: Measuring the impact of faith-based service and social justice programs on Catholic youth
    (2018-10-11) Osili, Una; King, David; Zarins, Sasha; Bergdoll, Jonathan; St. Claire, Mallory; Clark, Chelsea; Austin, Thad; Richardson, Ayana; Littlepage, Laura; Ackerman, Jacqueline; Kou, Xionan; Davenport, Alexis; Tian, Yuan
    The Center for FaithJustice (CFJ) offers innovative programs that engage youth in faith, service, and social justice. With the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy at IUPUI, they developed a survey to evaluate their programs and measure their longitudinal impact on alumni in those three focus areas. This report will offer related insights on youth engagement and suggest how CFJ’s programs relate to larger trends of youth disaffiliation within the Catholic Church. This study examines survey results from alumni and parents of alumni of CFJ’s youth programs, which are collectively called the “WorX” programs. These include curricula for middle school students (ServiceworX), high school students (JusticeworX, New Jersey Service Project/NJSP, MercyworX, and CommunityworX), young adults (LeaderworX), and adults (FaithJustice Fellows and adult volunteers). The results of this study focused on CFJ’s three core areas of interest: faith, service, and social justice.
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    Intergenerational Transmission of Religious Giving: Instilling Giving Habits across the Life Course
    (MDPI, 2016) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Mitchell, Scott; Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
    This paper investigates the research question: How do religious youth learn to give? While it is likely that youth learn religious financial giving from a variety of different sources, this investigation focuses primarily on how parents teach giving to their children. Supplementary data are also analyzed on the frequency in which youth hear extra-familial calls to give within their religious congregations. In focusing on parental transmission, the analysis identifies a number of approaches that parents report using to teach their children religious financial giving. It also investigates thoughts and feelings about religious financial giving by the children of these parents as a means of assessing the potential impacts of parental methods. Additionally, congregation member reflections on how they learned to give provide insights on giving as a process that develops across the life course, often instilled in childhood, but not appearing behaviorally until adulthood. As such, this paper contributes to a life course understanding of religious giving and has implications for giving across generations.
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    Emerging Adult Religiosity and Spirituality: Linking Beliefs, Values, and Ethical Decision-Making
    (MDPI, 2018) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Beadle, De Andre’ T.; Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
    This paper challenges the “spiritual but not religious” (SBNR) category as a methodological artifact caused by interacting two closed-ended survey items into binary combinations. Employing a theoretically rich approach, this study maps the multiple ways in which the religious and the spiritual combine for emerging adults. Results indicate that most emerging adults have a tacit sense of morality, displaying limited cognitive access to how moral reasoning relates to religious and spiritual orientations. This longitudinal study investigates efforts to raise moral awareness through: exposure to diverse religious and spiritual orientations, personal reflection, and collective discussion. Relative to control groups, emerging adults in this study display increases in moral awareness. We combine the results of these studies to formulate a theoretical framework for the ways in which beliefs, values, and ethical decision-making connect in expressing plural combinations of religiosity and spirituality. The implication is that direct attention to religiosity and spirituality — not avoidance of — appears to facilitate ethical decision-making.
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    Moral and Cultural Awareness in Emerging Adulthood: Preparing for Multi-Faith Workplaces
    (MDPI, 2016) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Beadle, De Andre’ T.; Harris, Daniel E.; Hood, Tiffany E.; Venugopal, Sanjana; Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
    The study evaluates a pilot course designed to respond to findings from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) and similar findings reporting changes in U.S. life course development and religious participation through an intervention based on sociological theories of morality. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impacts of a business course in a public university designed to prepare emerging adults for culturally and religiously diverse workplaces. The intended outcomes are for students to better identify their personal moral values, while also gaining cultural awareness of the moral values in six different value systems: five major world religions and secular humanism. The study response rate was 97 percent (n = 109). Pre- and post-test survey data analyze changes in the reports of students enrolled in the course (primary group) compared to students in similar courses but without an emphasis on morality (controls). Qualitative data include survey short answer questions, personal mission statements, and student essays describing course impacts. Quantitative and qualitative results indicate reported increases in identification of personal moral values and cultural awareness of other moral values, providing initial evidence that the course helps prepare emerging adults for multi-faith workplaces.