Detection of artificial enamel caries-like lesions with a blue hydroxyapatite-binding porosity probe

Abstract

Objectives This in vitro study investigated the ability of a blue protein-based hydroxyapatite porosity probe to selectively detect artificial enamel caries-like lesions of varying severities. Methods Artificial caries-like lesions were formed in enamel specimens using a hydroxyethylcellulose-containing lactic acid gel for 4/12/24/72 or 168 h. One untreated group was used as a control. The probe was applied for 2 min and unbound probe rinsed off with deionized water. Surface color changes were determined spectrophotometrically (Lab* color space) and with digital photography. Lesions were characterized using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF), Vickers surface microhardness, and transverse microradiography (TMR). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results Digital photography did not reveal any discoloration in unaffected enamel. However, all lesions stained blue with color intensity positively correlated with demineralization times. The color data reflected similar trends: lesions became significantly darker (L* decreased) and bluer (b* decreased), while overall color differences (ΔE) increased significantly after probe application (4-h lesion, mean±standard deviation: ΔL*=-2.6 ± 4.1/Δb*=0.1 ± 0.8/ΔE=5.5 ± 1.3 vs. 168-h lesion: ΔL*=-17.3 ± 1.1/Δb*=-6.0 ± 0.6/ΔE=18.7 ± 1.1). TMR analysis revealed distinct differences in integrated mineral loss (ΔZ) and lesion depth (L) between demineralization times (4-h lesion: ΔZ=391±190 vol%min × µm/L = 18.1 ± 10.9 µm vs. 168-h lesion: ΔZ=3606±499 vol%min × µm/L = 111.9 ± 13.9 µm). QLF and microhardness were also able to differentiate between demineralization times. L and ΔZ strongly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient [r]) with Δb* (L vs. Δb*: r=-0.90/ΔZ vs. Δb*: r=-0.90), ΔE (r = 0.85/r = 0.81), and ΔL* (r=-0.79/r=-0.73). Conclusion Considering the limitations of this study, the blue protein-based hydroxyapatite-binding porosity probe appears to be sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between unaffected enamel and artificial caries-like lesions. Clinical significance Early detection of enamel caries lesions remains one of the most critical aspects in the diagnosis and management of dental caries. This study highlighted the potential of a novel porosity probe in detecting artificial caries-like demineralization by objective means.