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This collection includes works (journal articles, conference papers, and other items) reflecting the participation of the Lilly Family School in the IU Indianapolis Open Access Policy.
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Item Youth Philanthropy: Studying Potential for Inequalities in Outcomes(IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, 2025-05-15) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Dillman, Brie; Park, Shinyoung; Penman, Natalie; Housemyer, JohnThis report shares results from a study of youth philanthropy. Findings from a prior analysis in this series indicated that the program fosters positive youth outcomes. Data are from a youth philanthropy program that is currently hosted within 12 community organizations located in 10 US states. Youth participate for two years as juniors and seniors in high school, and the outcome data are collected annually upon youth graduating from the program at the end of the second year. This report is based on youth surveys collected to date (n=180). The goal of the current study is to assess answers to this research question: Are there inequalities in youth philanthropy outcomes? This report presents two types of answers to this question. First, the analysis focuses on whether and how youth outcomes vary across social and demographic characteristics, such as gender, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parental marital status, religiosity, technology usage, and activity engagement. Second, the analysis focuses on whether and how youth outcomes vary across programs and cohorts. This includes the program’s state and region (program analysis) and the years in which youth completed the program (cohort analysis). Results indicate that there are not yet detectable differences by program or cohort. There are outcome differences by social and decision comfort, religious service attendance frequency, and parental closeness.Item Reinventing the Cycle: Adapting Relationship Fundraising for Donors Who Use DAFs(DAF Research Collaborative, 2025) Shaker, Genevieve G.; Sumsion, Rachel M.; Heist, H. DanielThis report examines how DAFs impact relationship-based fundraising. Drawing on interviews with 46 professional fundraisers, it offers practical strategies for identifying, cultivating, soliciting, and stewarding DAF donors. The report introduces a DAF-specific fundraising cycle that outlines the key stages of DAF fundraising management and highlights both the challenges and opportunities that this intermediary presents. It also explores the roles that fundraisers play in the DAF giving process and provides actionable insights and recommendations to assist professional fundraisers in working more effectively with donors who use DAFs.Item What drives organizational missions in the nonprofit sector? An institutional logic dependence perspective Get access Arrow(Oxford, 2023-02) Hwang, Hyunseok; Lee, Young-joo; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyThis study examines how institutional multiplicity shapes nonprofit organizations’ mission-oriented actions by using the institutional logics perspective. We test how different institutional logics (professional, market, state, and community logics) independently and collectively affect mission-oriented actions of nonprofit organizations, focusing on the two focal subsectors: human service organizations and art and culture organizations. Using a panel dataset of 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations between 2000 and 2010, we find that multiple institutional logics jointly as well as independently affect nonprofits’ mission-oriented actions and this relationship varies between the two subsectors. The findings offer empirical evidence of how multiple logics co-exist and how the dynamics among multiple logics may shape nonprofits’ actions across different subsectors.Item Welcoming Strangers: Protestant Churches’ Involvement in Refugee Resettlement in the United States(Wiley, 2024-06) Lee, Young-joo; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyProviding shelters and other aid for refugees is one of the core Christian principles, but there exists a great divide in Protestant churches’ response to the refugee crisis. This study examines what contributes to the divide, focusing on how various congregational characteristics relate to churches’ interests and involvement in refugee resettlement. The analysis of the 2018–2019 National Congregations Study data reveals that political conservatism within a church is linked to the disinterest in refugee resettlement. The results also show that churches with more members who have a bachelor's degree and churches participating in international humanitarian works are more likely to have discussions on refugee resettlement. In terms of direct involvement in helping refugees, congregational members’ migration experiences seem to make a significant difference.Item Un(der)rated: Nonprofit leader gender and external accreditations of transparency(Wiley, 2024-02) Lee, Young-joo; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyThe gender-ethics theory posits that female leaders' higher ethical standards contribute to an improved culture of transparency within an organization. This study examines if the positive implication of women's leadership for organizational transparency replicates in the context of an external accreditation of transparency, using the case of GuideStar's Seal of Transparency (SOT). Unlike what gender-ethic theory suggests, the results reveal that nonprofits led by female CEOs are not only less likely to have an SOT, but the gap based on CEO gender also increases for higher-level seals. This study explains the contradiction using concepts of the gender leadership gap and gender differences in the pursuit of external accreditations.Item The social contagion of prosocial behaviour: How neighbourhood blood donations influence individual donation behaviour(Elsevier, 2023-09) Schröder, Joris Melchior; Merz, Eva-Maria; Suanet, Bianca; Wiepking, Pamala; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyLife-saving transfusions and numerous other medical treatments are enabled by a minority of people that donate blood. But why do some people repeatedly engage in such prosocial behaviour, especially when it is costly to themselves? This study examines to what extent social contagion within neighbourhoods – changing behaviour in response to the behaviour of others – affects repeated blood donation behaviour. We draw on longitudinal survey and register data from a representative sample of blood donors in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2014 (N = 15,090). Using a panel data model and an instrumental variable approach, we find that donors are positively affected by donations made by other donors living in their neighbourhood. This effect does not seem to be mediated by normative or informational social influence. Exploratory analysis further attributes this finding to social contagion within donor couples. Our study contributes to the literature on repeated blood donation behaviour, and can inform retention strategies of blood banks.Item Public Attitudes Regarding Hospitals and Physicians Encouraging Donations From Grateful Patients(American Medical Association, 2020) Jagsi, Reshma; Griffith, Kent A.; Carrese, Joseph A.; Collins, Megan; Kao, Audiey C.; Konrath, Sara; Tovino, Stacey A.; Wheeler, Jane L.; Wright, Scott M.; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyImportance: Philanthropy is an increasingly important source of support for health care institutions. There is little empirical evidence to inform ethical guidelines. Objective: To assess public attitudes regarding specific practices used by health care institutions to encourage philanthropic donations from grateful patients. Design, setting, and participants: Using the Ipsos KnowledgePanel, a probability-based sample representative of the US population, a survey solicited opinions from a primary cohort representing the general population and 3 supplemental cohorts (with high income, cancer, and with heart disease, respectively). Exposures: Web-based questionnaire. Main outcomes and measures: Descriptive analyses (with percentages weighted to make the sample demographically representative of the US population) evaluated respondents' attitudes regarding the acceptability of strategies hospitals may use to identify, solicit, and thank donors; perceptions of the effect of physicians discussing donations with their patients; and opinions regarding gift use and stewardship. Results: Of 831 individuals targeted for the general population sample, 513 (62%) completed surveys, of whom 246 (48.0%) were women and 345 (67.3%) non-Hispanic white. In the weighted sample, 47.0% (95% CI, 42.3%-51.7%) responded that physicians giving patient names to hospital fundraising staff after asking patients' permission was definitely or probably acceptable; 8.5% (95% CI, 5.7%-11.2%) endorsed referring without asking permission. Of the participants, 79.5% (95% CI, 75.6%-83.4%) reported it acceptable for physicians to talk to patients about donating if patients have brought it up; 14.2% (95% CI, 10.9%-17.6%) reported it acceptable when patients have not brought it up; 9.9% (95% CI, 7.1%-12.8%) accepted hospital development staff performing wealth screening using publicly available data to identify patients capable of large donations. Of the participants, 83.2% (95% CI, 79.5%-86.9%) agreed that physicians talking with their patients about donating may interfere with the patient-physician relationship. For a hypothetical patient who donated $1 million, 50.1% (95% CI, 45.4%-54.7%) indicated it would be acceptable for the hospital to show thanks by providing nicer hospital rooms, 26.0% (95% CI, 21.9%-30.1%) by providing expedited appointments, and 19.8% (95% CI, 16.1%-23.5%) by providing physicians' cell phone numbers. Conclusions and relevance: In this survey study of participants drawn from the general US population, a substantial proportion did not endorse legally allowable approaches for identifying, engaging, and thanking patient-donors.Item Virtual Reality Improves Emotional but Not Cognitive Empathy: A Meta-Analysis(American Psychological Association, 2021) Martingano, Alison Jane; Hererra, Fernanda; Konrath, Sara; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyVirtual Reality (VR) has been touted as an effective empathy intervention, with its most ardent supporters claiming it is “the ultimate empathy machine.” We aimed to determine whether VR deserves this reputation, using a random-effects meta-analysis of all known studies that examined the effect of virtual reality experiences on users’ empathy (k = 43 studies, with 5,644 participants). The results indicated that many different kinds of VR experiences can increase empathy, however, there are important boundary conditions to this effect. Subgroup analyses revealed that VR improved emotional empathy, but not cognitive empathy. In other words, VR can arouse compassionate feelings but does not appear to encourage users to imagine other peoples’ perspectives. Further subgroup analyses revealed that VR was no more effective at increasing empathy than less technologically advanced empathy interventions such as reading about others and imagining their experiences. Finally, more immersive and interactive VR experiences were no more effective at arousing empathy than less expensive VR experiences such as cardboard headsets. Our results converge with existing research suggesting that different mechanisms underlie cognitive versus emotional empathy. It appears that emotional empathy can be aroused automatically when witnessing evocative stimuli in VR, but cognitive empathy may require more effortful engagement, such as using one’s own imagination to construct others’ experiences. Our results have important practical implications for nonprofits, policymakers, and practitioners who are considering using VR for prosocial purposes. In addition, we recommend that VR designers develop experiences that challenge people to engage in empathic effort.Item Social Solidarity & Philanthropy in African Contexts Social Solidarity & Philanthropy in African Contexts(2025) Kilama, Dennis; Herzog, Patricia Snell; King, DavidWithin Western contexts, philanthropy has been conceptualized as formal and organizational, with less emphasis on its informal contours. This paper identifies social solidarity as crucial to understanding philanthropy in African contexts. The first section explores concepts of philanthropy, such as reciprocity and cooperation. Second, recognizing solidarity as a key aspect of philanthropy, we review how social solidarity has been theorized and studied. Third, we illustrate how philanthropy in Kenya and Uganda is embedded within specific contexts. Philanthropy can be found in horizontal (formal), vertical (informal), and hybrid forms. Alongside formal philanthropy, efforts to benefit others in Africa often emerge informally as mutual aid and collective mobilization. Through attending to African contexts, we assert that a broader focus on social solidarity can broaden the who, how, and why of philanthropy.Item Philanthropy during COVID-19: Learnings and recommendations for philanthropic organizations navigating crisis(Wiley, 2024-02) Hampton, DeeAndria; Wiepking, Pamala; Chapman, Cassandra; Holmes McHugh, Lucy; Arnesen, Daniel; Carrigan, Cathie; Feit, Galia; Grönlund, Henrietta; Hrafnsdóttir, Steinunn; Ivanova, Natalya; Katz, Hagai; Kim, Sung-Ju; Kristmundsson, Ómar H.; Litofcenko, Julia; Mersianova, Irina; Neumayr, Michaela; Pessi, Anne Birgitta; Scaife, Wendy; Sivesind, Karl Henrik; Vamstad, Johan; Yang, Yongzheng; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyThis practice paper articulates the key learnings for philanthropic organizations based on their experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Which actions can philanthropic organizations take to best support community needs during times of crisis? To answer this question, we synthesize information about how philanthropic organizations responded during the early COVID-19 crisis (spring―fall 2020) across 11 countries: Australia, Austria, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Israel, Norway, Sweden, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America. Results indicate four key actions that we recommend philanthropic organizations take during times of crisis: (1) Assess community needs; (2) engage with volunteers and donors; (3) communicate effectively and strategically with volunteers, donors, and the public; and (4) focus on equity.