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Item Angiogenic potential of skeletal muscle derived extracellular vesicles differs between oxidative and glycolytic muscle tissue in mice(Nature, 2023-11) Kargl, Christopher K.; Jia, Zhihao; Shera, Deborah A.; Sullivan, Brian P.; Burton, Lundon C.; Kim, Kun Ho; Nie, Yaohui; Hubal, Monica J.; Shannahan, Jonathan H.; Kuang, Shihuan; Gavin, Timothy P.; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesSkeletal muscle fibers regulate surrounding endothelial cells (EC) via secretion of numerous angiogenic factors, including extracellular vesicles (SkM-EV). Muscle fibers are broadly classified as oxidative (OXI) or glycolytic (GLY) depending on their metabolic characteristics. OXI fibers secrete more pro-angiogenic factors and have greater capillary densities than GLY fibers. OXI muscle secretes more EV than GLY, however it is unknown whether muscle metabolic characteristics regulate EV contents and signaling potential. EVs were isolated from primarily oxidative or glycolytic muscle tissue from mice. MicroRNA (miR) contents were determined and endothelial cells were treated with OXI- and GLY-EV to investigate angiogenic signaling potential. There were considerable differences in miR contents between OXI- and GLY-EV and pathway analysis identified that OXI-EV miR were predicted to positively regulate multiple endothelial-specific pathways, compared to GLY-EV. OXI-EV improved in vitro angiogenesis, which may have been mediated through nitric oxide synthase (NOS) related pathways, as treatment of endothelial cells with a non-selective NOS inhibitor abolished the angiogenic benefits of OXI-EV. This is the first report to show widespread differences in miR contents between SkM-EV isolated from metabolically different muscle tissue and the first to demonstrate that oxidative muscle tissue secretes EV with greater angiogenic signaling potential than glycolytic muscle tissue.Item Research Bites: Sauna bathing and potential hyperthermic conditioning effects(Wolters Kluwer, 2024-01) Yoke, Mary M.; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesItem The acute hypoalgesic effects of active head-mounted display virtual reality games(Public Library of Science, 2024-08-14) Naugle, Keith E.; Cervantes, Xzaliya A.; Boone, Carolyn L.; Wind, Brandon; Naugle, Kelly M.; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesThe purpose of this study was to determine: (1) whether physically active virtual reality (VR) games exert an acute hypoaglesic effect on the thigh and bicep compared to a non-active VR game and an exercise only condition matched for exercise intensity in healthy individuals, and (2) whether movement variables during gameplay are associated with the hypoalgesic effect of the games. Twenty young adults completed five separate study sessions, with each session devoted to playing one head-mounted display VR game or stationary cycling for 15 minutes. The games included Holopoint at level 2 and level 3, Hot Squat, and Relax Walk. Pressure pain thresholds at the thigh and bicep were measured pre and post VR gameplay and cycling. Participants wore a heart rate monitor and accelerometers on the wrist and thigh during play to measure the intensity and quantity of movement. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that pressure pain thresholds on the bicep increased from pre to posttest for each condition. The results also revealed that pressure pain thresholds on the thigh increased only for the conditions eliciting the greatest cardiovascular response, which included Holopoint at level 3, Hot Squat, and cycling. Bivariate correlations indicated that moderate to vigorous physical activity of the thigh was associated with pain reduction at the thigh during Holopoint. These results revealed that active VR games and exercise exerted a more widespread hypoalgesic effect compared to the non-active VR game, which was likely driven in part by the intensity and quantity of movement during gameplay.Item Racial Differences in Head Pain and Other Pain-Related Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury(Mary Ann Liebert, 2023) Naugle, Kelly M.; Nguyen, Tyler; Smith, Jared A.; Saxe, Jonathan; White, Fletcher A.; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesRecent research suggests that mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) may exert deleterious effects on endogenous pain modulatory function, potentially underlying the elevated risk for persistent headaches following injury. Accumulating research also shows race differences in clinical and experimental pain, with African Americans (AA) generally reporting more severe pain, worse pain modulation, and greater pain sensitivity compared with Caucasians. However, race differences in pain-related outcomes following mild TBI have rarely been studied. The purpose of this study was to explore race differences in endogenous pain modulation, pain sensitivity, headache pain, and psychological factors among AA and Caucasian individuals with mild TBI in the first month following injury compared with healthy controls and across time. Patients with mild TBI were recruited from local emergency department trauma centers. Sixty-three participants with mild TBI (AAs: n = 23, Caucasians: n = 40) enrolled in this study and completed study sessions at 1-2 weeks and 1-month post-injury. Forty-one mild-TBI-free control participants (AAs: n = 11, Caucasians: n = 30), matched on age and sex, completed one study session. Assessments included a Headache Survey, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and quantitative sensory testing (QST) to measure endogenous pain modulatory function. QST included conditioned pain modulation (CPM) to measure endogenous pain inhibitory function and temporal summation (TS) of pain and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) of the head to measure pain sensitization and sensitivity. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether the outcome measures differed as a function of race, mild TBI, and time. Mediation analysis was used to explore potential mediators for the race differences in headache pain intensity. The results showed that AA participants with mild TBI reported significantly greater headache pain and pain catastrophizing and exhibited higher pain sensitivity and worse pain modulation on QST compared with Caucasian participants with mild TBI. These same race differences were not observed among the healthy TBI-free control sample. The mediation analyses showed complete mediation for the relation between race and headache pain intensity by pain catastrophizing at 1-2 weeks and 1-month post-injury. Overall, the results of this study suggest that AAs compared with Caucasians are characterized by psychological and pain modulatory profiles following mild TBI that could increase the risk for the development of intense and persistent headaches following injury.Item Motor Learning in a Complex Motor Task Is Unaffected by Three Consecutive Days of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation(MDPI, 2024-07-23) Wilkins, Erik W.; Pantovic, Milan; Noorda, Kevin J.; Premyanov, Mario I.; Boss, Rhett; Davidson, Ryder; Hagans, Taylor A.; Riley, Zachary A.; Poston, Brach; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1) can increase cortical excitability, entrain neuronal firing patterns, and increase motor skill acquisition in simple motor tasks. The primary aim of this study was to assess the impact of tACS applied to M1 over three consecutive days of practice on the motor learning of a challenging overhand throwing task in young adults. The secondary aim was to examine the influence of tACS on M1 excitability. This study implemented a double-blind, randomized, SHAM-controlled, between-subjects experimental design. A total of 24 healthy young adults were divided into tACS and SHAM groups and performed three identical experimental sessions that comprised blocks of overhand throwing trials of the right dominant arm concurrent with application of tACS to the left M1. Performance in the overhand throwing task was quantified as the endpoint error. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were assessed in the right first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to quantify changes in M1 excitability. Endpoint error was significantly decreased in the post-tests compared with the pre-tests when averaged over the three days of practice (p = 0.046), but this decrease was not statistically significant between the tACS and SHAM groups (p = 0.474). MEP amplitudes increased from the pre-tests to the post-tests (p = 0.003), but these increases were also not different between groups (p = 0.409). Overall, the main findings indicated that tACS applied to M1 over multiple days does not enhance motor learning in a complex task to a greater degree than practice alone (SHAM).Item A Six-Year Retrospective of ePortfolio Implementation: Discovering Inclusion through Student Voice and Choice(WAC Clearinghouse, 2024) Urtel, Mark; Fallowfield, Stephen M.; Angermeier, Lisa; Swinford, Rachel; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesDesigning then implementing ePortfolios as a High Impact Practice (HIP) (Watson et al., 2016) across an academic program in kinesiology presents many opportunities and challenges. The authors document their six-year journey and ensuing lessons along the way, as they strive to uncover and enact best practices for department-wide implementation. After a first attempt implementing the ePortfolio when they realized their efforts fell short, this faculty team immersed themselves in comprehensive professional development and worked together with students to recast how each knew and understood an ePortfolio. To achieve the newly crafted outcomes of an ePortfolio project, the authors found that promoting student voice and choice is essential to fostering student engagement and inclusivity. Informed by findings of a mixed methods study, the faculty team hopes to provide a meaningful perspective that supports faculty exploration within ePortfolios and offer guidance to be sure students are partners in this journey.Item Research Bites: Let’s consider Nordic walking!(Wolters Kluwer, 2023-01) Yoke, Mary M.; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesItem Research Bites: Can we increase exercise participation by considering a person’s grit personality and motivation?(Wolters Kluwer, 2023-09) Yoke, Mary; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesItem Research Bites: Physical activity increases life satisfaction and psychological well-being(Wolters Kluwer, 2023-05) Yoke, Mary M.; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesItem Non-Dominant Hemisphere Excitability Is Unaffected during and after Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Dominant Hemisphere(MDPI, 2024-07-12) Wilkins, Erik W.; Young, Richard J.; Houston, Daniel; Kawana, Eric; Lopez Mora, Edgar; Sunkara, Meghana S.; Riley, Zachary A.; Poston, Brach; Exercise & Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) increases primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and improves motor performance when applied unilaterally to the dominant hemisphere. However, the influence of tDCS on contralateral M1 excitability both during and after application has not been quantified. The purpose was to determine the influence of tDCS applied to the dominant M1 on the excitability of the contralateral non-dominant M1. This study employed a double-blind, randomized, SHAM-controlled, within-subject crossover experimental design. Eighteen young adults performed two experimental sessions (tDCS, SHAM) in counterbalanced order separated by a one-week washout. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to quantify the excitability of the contralateral M1 to which anodal tDCS was applied for 20 min with a current strength of 1 mA. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes were assessed in 5 TMS test blocks (Pre, D5, D10, D15, and Post). The Pre and Post TMS test blocks were performed immediately before and after tDCS application, whereas the TMS test blocks performed during tDCS were completed at the 5, 10, and 15 min stimulation timepoints. MEPs were analyzed with a 2 condition (tDCS, SHAM) × 5 test (Pre, D5, D10, D15, Post) within-subject ANOVA. The main effect for condition (p = 0.213), the main effect for test (p = 0.502), and the condition × test interaction (p = 0.860) were all not statistically significant. These results indicate that tDCS does not modulate contralateral M1 excitability during or immediately after application, at least under the current set of common tDCS parameters of stimulation.