Nociceptive Influence on Cortical Output within Proximal-Distal Muscles in the Upper-Limb

Abstract

A single pulse of high intensity electrical current delivered to the digits of the hand during voluntary contractions produces a period of decreased electromyographic (EMG) activity, known as a cutaneous silent period (CSP) (Caccia G and Violini A, 1973; Inghilleri M et al., 1997). Pairing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with digit stimulation results in motor evoked potentials (MEPs) with reduced amplitudes in thenar muscle (Kofler, 2008). It is not known if similar behavior can be observed in more proximal upper-limb muscles. The current study investigated the CSP on several muscles throughout the upper-limb. 14 subjects performed isometric contractions with the following muscles: abductor pollicis brevis (APB), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), extensor carpi radialis (ECR), biceps brachii (BIC), triceps brachii (TRI), anterior deltoid (AD), and posterior deltoid (PD). During the isometric contractions, subjects experienced three different stimulation conditions: electrical stimulation (10x perceptual threshold) of digit II only (CSP), transcranial magnetic stimulation only (TMS), and digit II stimulation plus TMS (TMS+). The TMS evoked MEP was significantly greater than TMS+ MEP for APB ( p <0.001), FCR ( p =0.006), and BIC ( p <0.049) muscles. The opposite relationship was seen within the PD ( p <0.047) muscle. An ANOVA test of normalized MEP values (TMS+/TMS) showed significant differences in APB vs TRI ( p = 0.004) and PD ( p = 0.003), and in FCR vs TRI ( p = 0.046) and PD ( p = 0.037) muscles. The results suggest that the CSP modulates descending drive differentially across upper-limb muscles.