Methadone-based Multimodal Analgesia Provides the Best-in-class Acute Surgical Pain Control and Functional Outcomes With Lower Opioid Use Following Major Posterior Fusion Surgery in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis

Abstract

Introduction: Posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis is extremely painful, with no superior single analgesic modality. We introduced a methadone-based multimodal analgesia protocol, aiming to decrease the length of hospital stay (LOS), improve pain control, and decrease the need for additional opioids. Methods: We analyzed 122 idiopathic scoliosis patients with posterior instrumented spinal fusion. They were matched by age, sex, surgeon, and the number of levels fused before and after the implementation of the new protocol. This analysis included 61 controls (intrathecal morphine, gabapentin, intravenous opioids, and adjuncts) and 61 patients on the new protocol (scheduled methadone, methocarbamol, ketorolac/ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and oxycodone with intravenous opioids as needed). The primary outcome was LOS. Secondary outcomes included pain scores, total opioid use (morphine milligram equivalents), time to a first bowel movement, and postdischarge phone calls. Results: New protocol patients were discharged earlier (median LOS, 2 days) compared with control patients (3 days; P < 0.001). Total inpatient morphine consumption was lower in the protocol group (P < 0.001). Pain scores were higher in the protocol group on the day of surgery, similar on postoperative day (POD) 1, and lower by POD 2 (P = 0.01). The new protocol also reduced the median time to first bowel movement (P < 0.001), and the number of postdischarge pain-related phone calls (P < 0.006). Conclusion: Methadone-based multimodal analgesia resulted in significantly lower LOS compared with the conventional regimen. It also provided improved pain control, reduced total opioid consumption, and early bowel movement compared with the control group.