MASLD in persons with HIV is associated with high cardiometabolic risk as evidenced by altered advanced lipoprotein profiles and targeted metabolomics

Abstract

Background: Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in persons with HIV (PWH). The lipidomic and metabolomic alterations contributing to this risk are poorly understood. We aimed to characterize the advanced lipoprotein and targeted metabolomic profiles in PWH and assess if the presence and severity of MASLD influence these profiles. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of a prospectively enrolled multicenter cohort. PWH without alcohol abuse or known liver disease underwent vibration-controlled transient elastography for controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM). Lipidomic and metabolomic profiling was undertaken with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Hepatic steatosis was defined as CAP ≥ 263 dB/m and clinically significant fibrosis (CSF) as LSM ≥ 8 kPa. Logistic regression models assessed associations between MASLD, CSF and lipidomic and metabolic parameters. Results: Of 190 participants (71% cisgender male, 96% on antiretroviral therapy), 58% had MASLD and 12% CSF. Mean (SD) age was 48.9 (12.1) years and body mass index (BMI) 29.9 (6.4) kg/m2. Compared to PWH without MASLD (controls), PWH with MASLD had lower HDL-C but higher total triglyceride, VLDL-C, branched-chain amino acids, GlycA, trimethylamine N-oxide levels, Lipoprotein-Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Risk Indices. There were no significant differences in these parameters between participants with MASLD with or without CSF. In a multivariable regression analysis, MASLD was independently associated with changes in most of these parameters after adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, BMI, and lipid lowering medications use. Conclusions: MASLD in PWH is independently associated with altered advanced lipoprotein and targeted metabolic profiles, indicating a higher CVD risk in this population.