Early Treatment of Acetabular Fractures via an Anterior Approach Increases Blood Loss but not Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether time from hospital admission to surgery for acetabular fractures using an anterior intrapelvic (AIP) approach affected blood loss.

METHODS: Design: Retrospective review.

Setting: Three level 1 trauma centers at 2 academic institutions.

Patient Selection Criteria: Adult (18 years or older) patients with no pre-existing coagulopathy treated for an acetabular fracture via an AIP approach. Excluded were those with other significant same day procedures (irrigation and debridement and external fixation were the only other allowed procedures).

Outcome Measures and Comparisons: Multiple methods for evaluating blood loss were investigated, including estimated blood loss (EBL), calculated blood loss (CBL) by Gross and Hgb balance methods, and packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion requirement. Outcomes were evaluated based on time to surgery.

RESULTS: 195 patients were studied. On continuous linear analysis, increasing time from admission to surgery was significantly associated with decreasing CBL at 24 hours (−1.45 mL per hour by Gross method, P = 0.003; −0.440 g of Hgb per hour by Hgb balance method, P = 0.003) and 3 days (−1.69 mL per hour by Gross method, P = 0.013; −0.497 g of Hgb per hour by Hgb balance method, P = 0.010) postoperative, but not EBL or PRBC transfusion. Using 48 hours from admission to surgery to define early versus delayed surgery, CBL was significantly greater in the early group compared to the delayed group (453 [IQR 277–733] mL early versus 364 [IQR 160–661] delayed by Gross method, P = 0.017; 165 [IQR 99–249] g of Hgb early versus 143 [IQR 55–238] g Hgb delayed by Hgb balance method, P = 0.035), but not EBL or PRBC transfusion. In addition, in multivariate linear regression, neither giving tranexamic acid nor administering prophylactic anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism on the morning of surgery affected blood loss at 24 hours or 3 days postoperative (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: There was higher blood loss with early surgery using an AIP approach, but early surgery did not affect PRBC transfusion and may not be clinically relevant.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.