Optimizing Confocal Imaging Protocols for Muscle Fiber Typing in the Mouse Masseter Muscle

Abstract

The masseter muscle, a key orofacial muscle, demonstrates unique anatomical and functional properties, including sexual dimorphism in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression and complex fiber architecture. Despite its importance in mastication and relevance to various disorders, phenotypic characterization of the masseter remains limited. Conventional fluorescence microscopy has been a cornerstone in muscle fiber typing, reliably identifying MyHC isoforms and measuring fiber cross-sectional areas. Building on this foundation, confocal microscopy offers complementary advantages, such as enhanced resolution, increased flexibility for multiplexing, and the ability to visualize complex structures in three dimensions. This study presents a detailed protocol for using confocal microscopy to achieve high-resolution imaging and molecular characterization of masseter muscle cryosections. By leveraging advanced technologies such as white light lasers and extended z-length imaging, this method ensures precise spectral separation, simultaneous multichannel fluorescence detection, and the ability to capture muscle architecture in three dimensions. The protocol includes tissue preparation, immunostaining for MyHC isoforms, and postprocessing for fiber segmentation and quantification. The imaging setup was optimized for minimizing signal bleed through, improving the signal-to-noise ratio, and enabling detailed visualization of muscle fibers and molecular markers. Image postprocessing allows for quantification of the cross-sectional area of individual fibers, nuclei location measurements, and identification of MyHC isoforms within each fiber. This confocal microscopy-based protocol provides similar resolution and contrast compared to conventional techniques, enabling robust multiplexed imaging and 3D reconstruction of muscle structures. These advantages make it a valuable tool for studying complex muscle architecture, offering broad applications in muscle physiology and pathology research. Key features • Enables high-resolution imaging of muscle fiber architecture, capturing detailed spatial relationships using extended z-length and advanced spectral separation techniques. • Supports simultaneous detection of multiple molecular markers for robust muscle fiber typing and molecular localization. • Allows for the generation of three-dimensional models to analyze muscle structures such as neuromuscular junctions, extracellular matrix, and mitochondrial organization. • Adaptable to various skeletal muscles and species, providing valuable insights into muscle physiology, regeneration, and disease processes. Graphical overview Analyzing muscle fiber composition and morphology in mice's masseter muscle using confocal microscopy. Workflow for characterizing rodent masseter muscle fibers using advanced confocal microscopy. Confocal microscopy, equipped with white light laser technology and optimized z-stack imaging, allows precise spectral unmixing to reduce bleed through and enhance signal detection. The z-length is extended beyond the physical thickness of the sample to account for potential variations in tissue flatness and ensure complete imaging of all focal planes. The resulting high-resolution images provide detailed insights into fiber architecture, molecular composition, and cross-sectional areas, ensuring robust and reproducible data for analyzing the complex phenotypic characteristics of the masseter and other muscles.