Adolescents with urinary stones have elevated urine levels of inflammatory mediators

Abstract

Background: Urinary stone are increasing in children, primarily during adolescence. Although urinary stones are often viewed in the context of intermittent stone events, increasing evidence indicates that stones are a metabolic process associated with chronic kidney disease and low bone mass. These aforementioned stone associated conditions may have pediatric origins. Objective: To compare urine inflammatory markers in otherwise healthy stone forming children versus matched controls. Methods: Urine samples were collected from 12 adolescents with urinary stones along with 15 controls. The levels of 30 urine cytokines were measured using a Mesoscale 30-Plex Human Cytokine panel and normalized to urine creatinine levels. Results: Macrophage inflammatory protein 1β and Interleukin 13 levels were significantly elevated in the urine of the stone forming adolescents compared to controls. Interleukin 17A was elevated in the urine of controls. Conclusions: This study indicates that urine levels of cytokines involved in chronic inflammation and fibrosis are elevated urinary stone formers as early as adolescence. Because stone formers are at risk for chronic kidney disease, Macrophage inflammatory protein 1β and Interleukin 13 represent investigative targets.