Plasma drug screening using paper spray mass spectrometry with integrated solid phase extraction

dc.contributor.authorZimmerman-Federle, Hannah
dc.contributor.authorRen, Greta
dc.contributor.authorDowling, Sarah
dc.contributor.authorWarren, Cassandra
dc.contributor.authorRusyniak, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorAvera, Robert
dc.contributor.authorManicke, Nicholas E.
dc.contributor.departmentChemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science
dc.date.accessioned2025-02-17T04:31:52Z
dc.date.available2025-02-17T04:31:52Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractDrug overdoses have risen dramatically in recent years. We developed a simple nontargeted method using a disposable paper spray cartridge with an integrated solid phase extraction column. This method was used to screen for ~160 fentanyl analogs, synthetic cannabinoids, other synthetic drugs, and traditional drugs of abuse in over 300 authentic overdose samples collected at emergency departments in Indianapolis. A solid phase extraction step was implemented on the paper spray cartridge to enable subnanograms per milliliter synthetic drugs screening in plasma. Analysis was performed on a quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer using the sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra approach in which tandem mass spectrometry was performed using 7 m/z isolation windows in the quadrupole. Calibration curves with isotopically labeled internal standards were constructed for 35 of the most frequently encountered synthetic and traditional illicit drugs by US toxicology labs. Additional qualitative‐only drugs in a suspect screening list were also included. Limits of detection in plasma for synthetic cannabinoids ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 and 0.1 to 0.3 ng/mL for fentanyl and its analogs and between 1 and 5 ng/mL for most other drugs. Relative matrix effects were evaluated by determining the variation of the calibration slope in 10 different lots of biofluid and found to be between 3% and 20%. The method was validated on authentic overdose samples collected from two emergency departments in Indianapolis, Indiana, from suspected or known overdoses. Commonly detected synthetic drugs included fentanyl related substances, designer benzodiazepines such as flubromazolam, and the synthetic cannabinoid 5F‐PB‐22.
dc.eprint.versionFinal published version
dc.identifier.citationZimmerman-Federle H, Ren G, Dowling S, et al. Plasma drug screening using paper spray mass spectrometry with integrated solid phase extraction. Drug Test Anal. 2025;17(1):138-151. doi:10.1002/dta.3687
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1805/45718
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWiley
dc.relation.isversionof10.1002/dta.3687
dc.relation.journalDrug Testing and Analysis
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
dc.sourcePMC
dc.subject3D printing
dc.subjectAmbient ionization
dc.subjectHigh resolution
dc.subjectMethamphetamine
dc.subjectOpiates
dc.titlePlasma drug screening using paper spray mass spectrometry with integrated solid phase extraction
dc.typeArticle
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