Sizing it up: The mechanical feedback hypothesis of organ growth regulation

Abstract

The question of how the physical dimensions of animal organs are specified has long fascinated both experimentalists and computational scientists working in the field of developmental biology. Research over the last few decades has identified many of the genes and signaling pathways involved in organizing the emergent multi-scale features of growth and homeostasis. However, an integrated model of organ growth regulation is still unrealized due to the numerous feedback control loops found within and between intercellular signaling pathways as well as a lack of understanding of the exact role of mechanotransduction. Here, we review several computational and experimental studies that have investigated the mechanical feedback hypothesis of organ growth control, which postulates that mechanical forces are important for regulating the termination of growth and hence the final physical dimensions of organs. In particular, we highlight selected computational studies that have focused on the regulation of growth of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. In many ways, these computational and theoretical approaches continue to guide experimental inquiry. We demonstrate using several examples how future progress in dissecting the crosstalk between the genetic and biophysical mechanisms controlling organ growth might depend on the close coupling between computational and experimental approaches, as well as comparison of growth control mechanisms in other systems.