High Incidence of Gastric Cancer in El Salvador: A National Multisectorial Study 2000–2014

Abstract

Background: Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of global cancer mortality and leading infection-associated cancer. Gastric cancer has significant geographic variability, with a high incidence in East Asia and mountainous regions of Latin America. In the United States, gastric cancer represents a marked disparity with incidence rates that are two to three times higher in Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Methods: We conducted a national retrospective study of incident gastric cancer in El Salvador from to 2000 to 2014 to estimate the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) by using a combination of pathology and endoscopy databases. A unique multisectorial coalition was formed between the Ministry of Health (MINSAL) and ES Gastroenterology Society (AGEDES), representing public hospitals (n = 5), governmental employee hospitals (ISSS, n = 5), and private facilities (n = 6), accounting for >95% of national endoscopy capacity. HER2 and EBV tumor status was ascertained in a representative sample during 2014 to 2016. Results: A total of 10,039 unique cases of gastric cancer were identified, 45.5% female, and mean age of 65. 21% and 9.4% were <55 and <45 years old, respectively. ASIRs (M, F) were 18.9 (95% CI, 14.4-20.7) and 12.2 per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 10.9-13.5), respectively, in the period 2010 to 2014 with all centers operational. Intestinal gastric cancer was 2.8 times more common than diffuse gastric cancer; 23.2% had partial or complete pyloric obstruction. The HER2 2+/3+ status was 16.7% and EBV-encoded RNA positivity was 10.2%. Conclusions: A high incidence of gastric cancer was confirmed in El Salvador and nearly half of the patients were female. Impact: The findings have implications for cancer control in the Central America LMICs and for US Latino populations. See related commentary by Riquelme and Abnet, p. 1550.