In vitro evaluation of the Lithoclast Ultra Vario combination lithotrite

Abstract

Rigid intracorporeal lithotrites can be invaluable in the removal of large stone burdens during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. One such device, the Lithoclast Ultra Vario (LUV) has an outer ultrasound probe and inner pneumatic-ballistic probe. The ballistic probe can be advanced or retracted and run at 1-12 Hz. Since it can be difficult to predict optimal settings with any new device, we asked if in vitro testing could give insight into how best to operate this lithotrite. We tested the LUV under hands-free conditions that simulate treatment of fixed stones and freely movable stones. A fixed-stone test system measured the time to penetrate a gypsum model stone placed atop the probe and a movable-stone system determined time for comminution of a stone within a confined space. In addition, the time to evacuate 2-mm stone particles was measured. For hands-on testing, model stones were placed in a plastic dish submerged in water and the time to comminution was measured. Penetration time of fixed stones was faster with the ballistic probe extended 2.5 mm than when retracted (5.30 ± 0.85 vs. 8.75 ± 1.07 s, p < 0.0001). Comminution of free stones was faster with the ballistic probe retracted than when it was extended 1 mm or 2.5 mm (9.7 ± 0.9, 13.8 ± 1.3, 23.7 ± 3.2 s, p < 0.0001). In hands-on testing, extending the ballistic probe substantially reduced the efficiency of comminution (36.7 ± 6.4 vs. 131.3 ± 15.3 s, p < 0.0001). Clearance of fragments was considerably faster when the pneumatic-ballistic rate was 12 Hz compared to 1 Hz (12.3 ± 1.1 vs. 28.3 ± 2.2 s, p < 0.0001). These in vitro findings suggest ways to take advantage of the positive features while minimizing potential limitations of this lithotrite. Extending the ballistic probe is an advantage when the stone is immobile, as would be the case in treating a large stone that can be isolated against the wall of the pelvicalyceal system, but is a distinct disadvantage--due to retropulsion--when the stone is free to move. Operation of the LUV at fast ballistic rate significantly improved its ability to aspirate stone fragments.