Treatment With Small Molecule Inhibitors of Advanced Glycation End‐Products Formation and Advanced Glycation End‐Products‐Mediated Collagen Cross‐Linking Promotes Experimental Aortic Aneurysm Progression in Diabetic Mice

Abstract

Background: Although diabetes attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), the mechanisms by which diabetes suppresses AAAs remain incompletely understood. Accumulation of advanced glycation end‐ (AGEs) reduces extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in diabetes. Because ECM degradation is critical for AAA pathogenesis, we investigated whether AGEs mediate experimental AAA suppression in diabetes by blocking AGE formation or disrupting AGE‐ECM cross‐linking using small molecule inhibitors.

Methods and Results: Male C57BL/6J mice were treated with streptozotocin and intra‐aortic elastase infusion to induce diabetes and experimental AAAs, respectively. Aminoguanidine (AGE formation inhibitor, 200 mg/kg), alagebrium (AGE‐ECM cross‐linking disrupter, 20 mg/kg), or vehicle was administered daily to mice from the last day following streptozotocin injection. AAAs were assessed via serial aortic diameter measurements, histopathology, and in vitro medial elastolysis assays. Treatment with aminoguanidine, not alagebrium, diminished AGEs in diabetic AAAs. Treatment with both inhibitors enhanced aortic enlargement in diabetic mice as compared with vehicle treatment. Neither enhanced AAA enlargement in nondiabetic mice. AAA enhancement in diabetic mice by aminoguanidine or alagebrium treatment promoted elastin degradation, smooth muscle cell depletion, mural macrophage accumulation, and neoangiogenesis without affecting matrix metalloproteinases, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2, or serum glucose concentration. Additionally, treatment with both inhibitors reversed suppression of diabetic aortic medial elastolysis by porcine pancreatic elastase in vitro.

Conclusions: Inhibiting AGE formation or AGE‐ECM cross‐linking enhances experimental AAAs in diabetes. These findings support the hypothesis that AGEs attenuate experimental AAAs in diabetes. These findings underscore the potential translational value of enhanced ECM cross‐linking as an inhibitory strategy for early AAA disease.