O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs

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A rapid review of literature on factors associated with adult probation revocations
(Taylor & Francis, 2022) Diaz, Carmen L.; Rising, Staci; Grommon, Eric; Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; Lowder, Evan Marie
Criminal justice stakeholders have increasingly relied on probation supervision as an alternative to incarceration and yet, probation revocations often result in incarceration. As such, increased understanding of the mechanisms behind revocations and strategies to reduce them is critical. We conduct a rapid review of the literature on factors associated with probation revocations. Specifically, we review 50 articles on how probation officer behavior, officer-client relationships, caseload size, supervision intensity, monetary sanctions, probation client characteristics, or programming and services are associated with probation revocations. Though the literature is limited, and findings are mixed, the most consistent findings indicate that officer-client relationships involving trust, support, respect, and empathy as well as reduced caseload sizes and cognitive behavioral therapy programs are associated with probation success while intensive supervision programs; greater monetary sanctions and nonpayment of those sanctions; and being Black and less educated are associated with poorer supervision outcomes. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.
A representative-represented matrix: exploring the symbolic effect of minority representation
(Taylor & Francis, 2024) Park, Sanghee
This study explores how symbolic representation varies by citizens’ demographic identities and bureaucracies’ demographic composition. First, it presents a representative-represented matrix to provide a conceptual framework from the citizens’ perspective. Then, this is followed by the application to the area of policing in the experimental setting. Citizen perceptions are explored in terms of minority bureaucrats’ representative role and the potential benefits of a representative bureaucracy. The empirical evidence demonstrates that the symbolic effect of minority representation varies and may not accomplish expected outcomes for all minorities. The symbolic representation may be manifested for women and minorities but limited for White men.
Access to Recovery and Recidivism Among Former Prison Inmates
(Sage, 2015) Ray, Bradley; Grommon, Eric; Buchanan, Victoria; Brown, Brittany; Watson, Dennis P.; Department of Health Policy and Management, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health
Access to Recovery (ATR) is a SAMHSA-funded initiative that offers a mix of clinical and supportive services for substance abuse. ATR clients choose which services will help to overcome barriers in their road to recovery, and a recovery consultant provides vouchers and helps link the client to these community resources. One of ATR’s goals was to provide services to those involved in the criminal justice system in the hopes that addressing substance abuse issues could reduce subsequent criminal behaviors. This study examines this goal by looking at recidivism among a sample of clients in one state’s ATR program who returned to the community after incarceration. Results suggest there were few differential effects of service selections on subsequent recidivism. However, there are significant differences in recidivism rates among the agencies that provided ATR services. Agencies with more resources and a focus on prisoner reentry had better recidivism outcomes than those that focus only on substance abuse services.
Addressing Homelessness in Marion County: Policy Considerations and Recommendations
(Center for Research on Inclusion and Social Policy, 2022-08-16) Bow, Brendan; Lawrence, Roxy; Eckert, Marissa
In July of 2022, the Center for Research on Inclusion and Social Policy—in collaboration with the Coalition for Homelessness Intervention and Prevention—released a brief describing the findings of the 2022 Marion County Point-in-Time (PIT) Count. In this follow-up report, researchers compared Indianapolis to four similar cities—Charlotte, North Carolina; Columbus, Ohio; Fort Worth, Texas; and Nashville, Tennessee—to examine homeless populations. This report also examines factors affecting homelessness in Marion County. Those include a dwindling housing/rental market combined with rising housing/rental costs, specific laws and ordinances that criminalize homelessness, recent increases in youth homelessness, and a lack of facilities and support systems to house and help those experiencing homelessness.
Addressing Unequal Access to Energy in Indiana
(Center for Research on Inclusion and Social Policy, 2022-12-12) Schultz, Kristi; Deitz, Ted; Morris, Cheyenne; Eckert, Marissa
In 2019, state leaders formed the 21st Century Energy Policy Development Task Force to explore and make policy recommendations addressing Indiana’s energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy alternatives. As part of their charge, the task force is researching the affordability and reliability of energy as well as how these energy issues impact low-income and racially minoritized communities. The definition of energy access varies but often includes the delivery and use of a minimum level of energy a household requires for basic needs, such as heating a home or cooking meals. As renewable energy sources become more widely available, it is important that all communities have equitable access to these resources. Addressing these concerns early and proactively deploying strategies focused on energy transition could foster more equitable access to clean energy. This report discusses unequal access to energy in Indiana and the resulting impact on underserved communities. This brief also highlights several strategies to address these disparities.
Adoption of Hazard Adjustments by Large and Small Organizations: Who is Doing the Talking and Who is Doing the Walking?
(Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 2011-10) Sadiq, Abdul-Akeem
Environmental hazards pose a considerable and genuine threat to the survival of organizations. However, organizations can increase their likelihood of survival by adopting various hazard adjustments. Prior studies on hazard adjustments have found a positive relationship between the adoption of hazard adjustments and organization size. However, no study on hazard adjustments has grouped hazard adjustments into active and passive and studied the relationship between active and passive hazard adjustments and organization size. The author investigates whether large organizations adopt more active and passive hazard adjustments than small organizations, using data from a survey of 227 organizations in Memphis, Tennessee. The results show that large organizations adopt more active and passive hazard adjustments than small organizations and both large and small organizations engage in different types of hazard adjustments.
Affordable Housing in Indiana (2022): Policy considerations and recommendations
(Center for Research on Inclusion and Social Policy, 2022-12-12) Bow, Brendan; Mullin, Hannah; Rapolu, Sreemayi Reddy; Eckert, Marissa
The Indiana General Assembly passed House Bill 1306 in 2022. When it was signed into law in March 2022, Indiana Public Law 99 established a task force to review housing related issues and housing shortages in Indiana. This task force must issue a report to the general assembly and governor no later than November 1, 2022. In August 2022, researchers from the Center for Research on Inclusion and Social Policy produced a policy brief containing recommendations for local and state officials to address homelessness, much of which concerned housing issues in Indianapolis. This brief expands on the previous report by examining housing availability and affordability in Indiana, while also comparing Indiana to four other similar states. Using this information, the research team provides policy suggestions to address housing shortages in Indiana.
“After a finding of Noncompliance, What?!”
(2017) Bean, Andrew; Shields, Katelyn; Baker, Allen; Ayers, Natasha; Barnhart, Sarah; Beck, Darcy; Brooks, Willie E.; Cherpas, Melissa; Cooper, Quintin; Plummer, Heather; Rai, Punam; Russ, Kelly; Foley, William A., Jr.
Treaties have long been the cornerstones of international relations. They can be seen as one of the sole mechanisms to formalize agreements between sovereign states. In principle, these agreements are legally binding. In practice, the result is less certain. Issues ranging from the how the country views itself on the international stage to the specific treaty terms and enforcement mechanisms can all effect prospects for compliance. What is certain is the disruption and uncertainty that noncompliance causes. If not addressed, a treaty’s utility will eventually erode to the point where the agreement has no force. Other countries would also perceive little value in treaty ratification if compliance cannot be sufficiently verified. This report focuses on current issues of noncompliance with Russia, Syria, Iran, and North. Korea. Key themes arise across these cases and point to specific factors that impact treaty compliance. The report distills these key themes into general and case-specific recommendations for bringing a country back from noncompliance.
Age Disparities of Non-Fatal Shooting Victims in Official vs. Media Reports 2020 – 2022 Indianapolis, Indiana.
(2023-01-17) Spivey, Erin; Crawford, Jara; Kaur, Amarpreet; Magee, Lauren; Grommon, Eric
BACKGROUND Trends in the victimology of non-fatal shootings in Indianapolis reported upon by the media differ from official records, with possible implications on the preventative measures taken by the community and officials. OBJECTIVE Examine disparities between media reporting of non-fatal shooting victim ages and official records. KEY FINDINGS Since data collection of media reporting on gun violence victims in Indianapolis began in 2020, 46% of non-fatal shooting victims were reported on by the media. Of those, 9% of victims had a known age. From 2020 through 2022, juvenile victims of non-fatal shootings were 5.8 times more likely to be reported upon than adult victims. An average of 35% of juvenile victims were reported about in the media from 2020 through 2022 while 6% of adult victims were reported upon. The media was 5.3 times more likely to report on juvenile victims than adult victims in 2022 – 32% of juvenile victims were reported on while 6% of adult victims were reported on in 2022. Official records show approximately 89% of non-fatal shooting victims in the past 3 years are adults while 11% are juveniles. Among media reports of non-fatal shooting victims when age was known, 58% were adults and 42% were juveniles.
Aiming at a data driven definition of volunteer types: The key to improved volunteer management practices
(International Society for Third-Sector Research (ISTR), 2014) Walk, Marlene; Willems, Jurgen
Due to the huge heterogeneity of volunteering, generalizability of context specific findings from the literature regarding volunteer management practices is often limited. Furthermore, it seems that practitioner recommendations are consequently often too narrow or at times contrasting. To deal with this gap, we aim at a data driven approach to cluster volunteers into more homogeneous types, in order to enable (a) comparability of various volunteer contexts, and (b) differentiation of volunteer management strategies. Therefore, we apply an exploratory factor analysis, a cluster analysis and a canonical correlation analysis on a representative nationwide survey in Germany regarding volunteering behavior. Findings are however not robust and not suitable for further substantial interpretation, as the multivariate characteristics of the constructs probed for in the German Survey on Volunteering (GSV) are of limited quality (at least for our statistical analysis). Hence, we clarify the value of more elaborate questions in future large-scale data collection, and we discuss the remaining trade-off in the literature regarding generalizable but limited findings, versus more robust but context specific findings.

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