Global Philanthropy Environment Index 2018
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The 2018 Global Philanthropy Environment Index is the world’s largest and most comprehensive effort to document the state of global philanthropy and the factors that enhance or inhibit its success. The index was previously the product of the renowned Hudson Institute, under the title The Index of Philanthropic Freedom.
This collection has been assigned the ISBN: 978-0-9776899-1-0. Complete file available from: https://hdl.handle.net/1805/45288.
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Item Country Report 2018: Albania(2018) Hoxha, JulianaThe freedom of individuals to established and/or participate in a philanthropic organization is a constitutional right. It is regulated further in primary and secondary legislations in Albania. The registration of POs is not mandatory and individuals can operate freely without legal restriction. In cases of registration, the application shall contain explanations regarding the form and purpose, the object of its activity, the identification of founders and legal representatives, the structure of the organization, and the location of its headquarters.Item Country Report 2018: Argentina(2018) Canova, GuillermoArgentine law enacts three types of organizations that can be legally formed: civil associations, foundations, and mutual entities. While both civil associations and foundations are defined as public benefit organizations, mutual entities are cooperatives whose ownership is held by its members, and whose purpose is to benefit its own members.Item Country Report 2018: Armenia(2018) Galstyan, MariamAccording to the Article 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (RA), “Everyone shall have the freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions.” Referring to this stipulation, people are free to use their right to create and/or join organizations. The requirements regarding the number of founders vary depending on the legal form of the organization. For example, for non-governmental organizations (NGO), two physical persons can be founders, whereas for a foundation it is one or more persons.Item Country Report 2018: Australia(2018) McGregor-Lowndes, MylesThe federal, state, and territory laws of Australian jurisdictions permit individuals to act together through unregistered associations and organizations for lawful purposes. Each jurisdiction offers one or more forms of incorporation for nonprofit associations with reasonable administrative requirements, although for those associations operating in multiple jurisdictions there are moderately costly reporting burdens.Item Country Report 2018: Austria(2018) Gabler, RuthThe Federal Act in Associations 2002 (Vereinsgesetz 2002) entitles the formation of associations and “any association of 2 or more individuals” can register whilst following certain regulations (nonprofit purpose) and become a legal entity. Associations can operate once the registration process has been initiated.Item Country Report 2018: Azerbaijan(2018) Guluzade, MahammadFreedom of association and assembly are guaranteed by the Constitution of 1995, and any person can establish a non-governmental organization in the form of either a public union or a foundation. Certain restrictions do, however, exist regarding the age of founders (minimum 16 for youth organizations and 18 for others) and the citizenship of founders (a requirement of permanent residence for a foreigner or a stateless person).Item Country Report 2018: Belarus(2018) Chavusau, YuryPublic associations and foundations are the most appropriate legal forms for philanthropic purposes. However, registration of an association or foundation is time consuming and is more expensive than the registration of commercial organizations. Moreover, the government often arbitrarily refuses registration to such legal entities. For this reason, the majority of new, small philanthropic organizations register as institutions; therefore, they gain the status of legal entities on the same day, so long as they are in compliance with application requirements. However, this form is not suitable to all philanthropic initiatives. As a result, large organizations have to spend time and money, and must negotiate with the authorities in order to register as foundations or public associations. The terms “philanthropic organization” or “charitable organization” are not defined in the legislation, but some laws use these terms. The legislation also lacks standards for granting special status to “public benefit organizations.”Item Country Report 2018: Bolivia(2018) Velasco, Antonio PeresBolivian laws allow POs to establish their own internal governance structure and operating procedures through the adoption of status and bylaws, which are an expression of their self-regulatory capacity. There are no direct restrictions related to criteria of national security, morality, and other criteria.Item Country Report 2018: Bosnia and Herzegovina(2018) Antic, Aleksandra VesicThe legal framework governing POs in Bosnia and Herzegovina is comprised of three main laws: the Law on Associations and Foundations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Law on Associations and Foundations of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Law on Associations and Foundations of Republic of Srpska. Associations and Foundations can choose under which law they want to be registered, regardless of territory.Item Country Report 2018: Brazil(2018) Pannunzio, EduardoAssociations and foundations are registered in one of several Registries of Legal Persons, which are overseen by the Judiciary. Registries are, therefore, politically independent. The control that they provide is predominantly bureaucratic, and the interpretation of the applicable legislation—mainly the Civil Code—may vary among Registries. POs’ information from Registries are, however, neither integrated nor publicly available online.