Department of Comprehensive Care and Allied Professions

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Aesthetical perception of dental fluorosis in a Colombian low income community
(Universidad CES, 2020-12) Fragelli, Camila; Restrepo, Manuel; Bussaneli, Diego Girotto; Jeremias, Fabiano; de Cássia Loiola Cordeiro, Rita; Escobar-Rojas, Alfonso; Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles; dos Santos-Pinto, Lourdes; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
Introduction and objective : Dental fluorosis (DF) is a defect in the development of enamel as a result of overexposure to fluoride and can aesthetically compromise the patient. This study aims to investigate the relationship between aesthetic perception and dental fluorosis in a low-income community with a high prevalence of DF. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 171 schoolchildren aged 8 to 12 who live in a low socioeconomic community (El Cedro, Ayapel district, Córdoba, Colombia). The students were examined for dental caries (DMFT and dmft indexes (WHO criteria) and for dental fluorosis (TF index). Aesthetic perception was verified with the questionnaire on children's perceptions of the appearance of teeth (CQATA) Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, Student's t, one-way ANOVA and linear regression (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The prevalence of DF was 84.8% (n = 145). Only the presence of caries (DMFT / deft ≠ 0) had a significant impact on aesthetic perceptions. A significantly lower rate was found in girls for the pleasant color report. The number of teeth affected by FD had a significant positive correlation with the general perception of dental health. Conclusion : The presence of mild DF in children with low socioeconomic status, in a population with a high prevalence of this enamel defect, did not seem to have an impact on accepting the appearance of tooth color.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy alone or in combination with antibiotic local administration against biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis
(Elsevier, 2018-11) Tavares, Livia J.; de Avila, Erica D.; Klein, Marlise I.; Panariello, Beitriz H. D.; Spolidório, Denise M. P.; Pavarina, Ana Cláudia; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) kills several planktonic pathogens. However, the susceptibility of biofilm-derived anaerobic bacteria to aPDT is poorly characterized. Here, we evaluated the effect of Photodithazine (PDZ)-mediated aPDT on Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. In addition, aPDT was tested with metronidazole (MTZ) to explore the potential antimicrobial effect of the treatment. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MTZ was defined for each bacterial species. Single-species biofilms of each species were grown on polystyrene plates under anaerobic conditions for five days. aPDT was performed by applying PDZ at concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 mg/L, followed by exposure to 50 J/cm2 LED light (660 nm) with or without MTZ. aPDT exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial viability at a PDZ concentration of 100 mg/L, with 1.12 log10 and 2.66 log10 reductions for F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis in biofilms, respectively. However, the antimicrobial effect against F. nucleatum was achieved only when aPDT was combined with MTZ at 100× MIC. Regarding P. gingivalis, the combination of PDZ-mediated aPDT at 100 mg/L with MTZ 100× MIC resulted in a 5 log10 reduction in the bacterial population. The potential antimicrobial effects of aPDT in combination with MTZ for both single pathogenic biofilms were confirmed by live/dead staining. These results suggest that localized antibiotic administration may be an adjuvant to aPDT to control F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis biofilms.
Artificial biofilm thickness and salivary flow effects on fluoride efficacy – A model development study
(2017-10-26) Lippert, Frank; Hara, Anderson T.; Churchley, David; Lynch, Richard J. M.
This laboratory model development study investigated the interaction between artificial biofilm thickness and salivary flow rate on fluoride-mediated prevention of enamel caries lesion formation. This 5-day pH cycling study on sound bovine enamel specimens utilized a continuous flow model and followed a 4 (agarose biofilm thickness-‘no biofilm’/1/2/3mm)×2 (remineralizing solution flow rate-0.05/0.5ml/min)×2 (fluoride-0/383ppm as sodium fluoride) factorial design. Vickers surface microhardness change was the outcome measure. Data were analyzed with three-way ANOVA. The three-way interaction gel thickness×flow rate×fluoride concentration was significant (p=0.0006). 383ppm fluoride caused less softening than 0ppm regardless of gel thickness or flow rate. 0.5ml/min flow rate caused less softening than 0.05ml/min for ‘no biofilm’ and 1mm biofilm thickness regardless of fluoride concentration, for 2 and 3mm with 0ppm F but not for 383ppm F. For 0.05ml/min, softening was reduced as gel thickness increased from ‘no biofilm’-1-2mm, but not from 2-3mm. For 0.5ml/min, ‘no biofilm’ caused more softening than 1, 2, and 3mm, but 1, 2, and 3mm were not different from each other for both 0 and 383ppm F. The present findings suggest that the efficacy of fluoride in preventing enamel demineralization is affected by both biofilm thickness and salivary flow rate, with both thicker biofilms and higher flow rate resulting in less demineralization.
Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada
(MDPI, 2020-11-08) Green, Rivka; Till, Christine; Cantoral, Alejandra; Lanphear, Bruce; Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles; Ayotte, Pierre; Wright, Robert O.; Tellez-Rojo, Martha M.; Malin, Ashley J.; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
Fluoride, which may be toxic to the developing brain, is added to salt in Mexico and drinking water in Canada to prevent dental caries. We compared childhood urinary fluoride (CUF) concentrations in Mexico City and Canada to characterize patterns of fluoride exposure in these two populations. We also examined associations of CUF with dietary and water fluoride levels in Mexico City and Canada respectively. We included 561 children (ages 4–6; mean age 4.8 years) from the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) cohort in Mexico City, and 645 children (ages 2–6; mean age 3.7 years) from the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. We applied Spearman correlations, T-tests, ANOVA or covariate-adjusted linear regression to examine associations of CUF (mg/L; adjusted for specific gravity) with demographics and dietary or water fluoride concentrations. We used Welch equivalence testing to compare means across cohorts. Mean (SD) CUF was equivalent (t = 4.26, p < 0.001) in PROGRESS: 0.74 (0.42) and fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.66 (0.47), but lower in non-fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.42 (0.31) (t = −6.37, p < 0.001). Water fluoride concentrations were significantly associated with CUF after covariate adjustment for age and sex in MIREC (B = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.59, p < 0.001). In contrast, daily food and beverage fluoride intake was not associated with CUF in PROGRESS (p = 0.82). We found that CUF levels are comparable among children in Mexico City and fluoridated Canadian communities, despite distinct sources of exposure. Community water fluoridation is a major source of fluoride exposure for Canadian children.
Caries lesion remineralization with fluoride toothpastes and chlorhexidine - effects of application timing and toothpaste surfactant
(SciELO, 2018-06-11) Almohefer, Sami A.; Levon, John A.; Gregory, Richard L.; Eckert, George J.; Lippert, Frank; Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry
INTRODUCTION: Habitual toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste followed by rinsing with antibacterial mouthwashes is a method to maintain good oral hygiene and to diminish the occurrence and severity of dental caries and periodontal disease. However, our understanding of how antimicrobial agents in mouthwashes affect fluoride-mediated caries lesion remineralization is still poor. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this in vitro study were a) to determine the effects of the waiting period of chlorhexidine (CHX) rinsing after fluoride toothpaste use and b) to further determine the effect of the type of toothpaste surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB)] on caries lesion remineralization associated with CHX rinsing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Caries lesions were formed in bovine enamel specimens and assigned to 10 treatment groups (n=18) based on Vickers surface microhardness (VHN). Lesions were then pH-cycled for 10 days with daily regimen comprised of twice daily toothpaste slurry treatments (1150 ppm fluoride, with SDS or CAPB), followed by CHX solution treatments [0, 15, 30 or 60 minutes following slurry treatment or no CHX treatment (negative control)]. VHN was measured again and the extent of lesion remineralization calculated (∆VHN). RESULTS: ∆VHN with SDS-toothpaste was significantly lower than with CAPB-toothpaste, indicating more remineralization for the CAPB-toothpaste. ∆VHN with 0-minute waiting time was significantly lower than with 30-minute waiting time and with negative control. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of CHX as an adjunct to fluoride toothpastes led to greater remineralization of enamel lesions compared with the immediate use of CHX treatment for both SDS- and CAPB-toothpastes. CAPB-toothpastes indicated significantly greater remineralization than SDS-toothpastes, and can be suggested for patients at high risk of caries. A 30-minute waiting time for CHX treatment is recommended after brushing.
Caries risk assessment using different Cariogram models. A comparative study about concordance in different populations—Adults and children
(Public Library of Science, 2022-06-24) Cagetti, Maria Grazia; Bontà, Giuliana; Lara, Juan Sebastian; Campus, Guglielmo; Comprehensive Care and Allied Professions, School of Dentistry
This methodological survey aimed to verify whether there is concordance among several Cariogram different risk models at different thresholds, comparing both children and adult populations and how each risk/protective factor weight on the overall caries risk profile. Three groups' data (two in children and one in adults) were obtained from previous studies, while a fourth, in young adults, was ad hoc enrolled. Different caries risk levels were assessed: a) three risk categories with two different thresholds as: "low risk" = 61-100% or 81-100% chance to avoid caries, "moderate risk" = 41-60% or 21-80% and "high risk" = 0-40% or 0-20%, named model 1 and 2; b) four risk categories with two different thresholds as: "low risk" = 61-100% or 76-100%, "moderate/low risk" = 41-60% or 51-75%; "moderate/high risk" = 21-40% or 26-50% and "high risk" = 0-20% or 0-25%, model 3 and 4; c) five risk categories as: "very low risk" = 81-100%; "low risk" = 61-80% "moderate risk" = 41-60%; "high risk" = 21-40% and "very high risk" = 0-20%, model 5. Concordance of the different Cariogram risk categories among the four groups was calculated using Cohen's kappa. The weight of the association between all Cariogram models toward the Cariogram risk variables was evaluated by ordinal logistic regression models. Considering Cariogram model 1 and 2, Cohen's Kappa values ranged from 0.40 (SE = 0.07) for the young adult group to 0.71 (SE = 0.05) for the adult one. Cohen's Kappa values ranged from 0.14 (SE = 0.03 p<0.01) for the adult group to 0.62 (SE = 0.02) for the two groups of children in models 3 and 4. Statistically significant associations were found for all Cariogram risk variables excepting Fluoride program in models 4 and 5 and the overall risk on children's samples. Caries experience showed a quite variable weight in the different models in both adult groups. In the regression analyses, adult groups' convergence was not always achievable since variations in associations between caries risk and different risk variables were narrower compared to other samples. Significant differences in caries risk stratification using different thresholds stands out from data analysis; consequently, risk assessments need to be carefully considered due to the risk of misleadingly choosing preventive and research actions.
CariesCare International adapted for the pandemic in children: Caries OUT multicentre single-group interventional study protocol
(BMC, 2021-12) Martignon, Stefania; Cortes, Andrea; Douglas, Gail V. A.; Newton, J. Timothy; Pitts, Nigel B.; Avila, Viviana; Usuga-Vacca, Margarita; Gamboa, Luis F.; Deery, Christopher; Abreu-Placeres, Ninoska; Bonifacio, Clarisa; Braga, Mariana M.; Carletto-Körber, Fabiana; Castro, Patricia; Cerezo, María P.; Chavarría, Nathaly; Cifuentes, Olga L.; Echeverri, Beatriz; Jácome-Liévano, Sofía; Kuzmina, Irina; Lara, J. Sebastián; Manton, David; Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles; Melo, Paulo; Muller-Bolla, Michèle; Ochoa, Emilia; Osorio, Jesús R.; Ramos, Ketty; Sanabria, Angie F.; Sanjuán, Johanna; San-Martín, Magdalena; Squassi, Aldo; Velasco, A. Karina; Villena, Rita; Ferreira Zandona, Andrea; Beltrán, Edgar O.; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
Background Comprehensive caries care has shown effectiveness in controlling caries progression and improving health outcomes by controlling caries risk, preventing initial-caries lesions progression, and patient satisfaction. To date, the caries-progression control effectiveness of the patient-centred risk-based CariesCare International (CCI) system, derived from ICCMS™ for the practice (2019), remains unproven. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic a previously planned multi-centre RCT shifted to this “Caries OUT” study, aiming to assess in a single-intervention group in children, the caries-control effectiveness of CCI adapted for the pandemic with non-aerosols generating procedures (non-AGP) and reducing in-office time. Methods In this 1-year multi-centre single-group interventional trial the adapted-CCI effectiveness will be assessed in one single group in terms of tooth-surface level caries progression control, and secondarily, individual-level caries progression control, children’s oral-health behaviour change, parents’ and dentists’ process acceptability, and costs exploration. A sample size of 258 3–5 and 6–8 years old patients was calculated after removing half from the previous RCT, allowing for a 25% dropout, including generally health children (27 per centre). The single-group intervention will be the adapted-CCI 4D-cycle caries care, with non-AGP and reduced in-office appointments’ time. A trained examiner per centre will conduct examinations at baseline, at 5–5.5 months (3 months after basic management), 8.5 and 12 months, assessing the child’s CCI caries risk and oral-health behaviour, visually staging and assessing caries-lesions severity and activity without air-drying (ICDAS-merged Epi); fillings/sealants; missing/dental-sepsis teeth, and tooth symptoms, synthetizing together with parent and external-trained dental practitioner (DP) the patient- and tooth-surface level diagnoses and personalised care plan. DP will deliver the adapted-CCI caries care. Parents’ and dentists’ process acceptability will be assessed via Treatment-Evaluation-Inventory questionnaires, and costs in terms of number of appointments and activities. Twenty-one centres in 13 countries will participate. Discussion The results of Caries OUT adapted for the pandemic will provide clinical data that could help support shifting the caries care in children towards individualised oral-health behaviour improvement and tooth-preserving care, improving health outcomes, and explore if the caries progression can be controlled during the pandemic by conducting non-AGP and reducing in-office time.
Chlorhexidine-modified nanotubes and their effects on the polymerization and bonding performance of a dental adhesive
(Elsevier, 2020-05) Kalagi, Sara; Feitosa, Sabrina A.; Münchow, Eliseu A.; Martins, Victor M.; Karczewski, Ashley E.; Cook, N. Blaine; Diefenderfer, Kim; Eckert, George J.; Geraldeli, Saulo; Bottino, Marco C.; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to synthesize chlorhexidine (CHX)-encapsulated aluminosilicate clay nanotubes (Halloysite®, HNTs) and to incorporate them into the primer/adhesive components of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system (SBMP; Scotchbond Multipurpose, 3M ESPE) and to test their effects on degree of conversion, viscosity, immediate and long-term bonding to dentin. Methods: CHX-modified HNTs were synthesized using 10% or 20% CHX solutions. The primer and the adhesive components of SBMP were incorporated with 15wt.% of the CHX-encapsulated HNTs. Degree of conversion (DC) and viscosity analyses were performed to characterize the modified primers/adhesives. For bond strength testing, acid-etched dentin was treated with one of the following: SBMP (control); 0.2%CHX solution before SBMP; CHX-modified primers+SBMP adhesive; SBMP primer+CHX-modified adhesives; and SBMP primer+CHX-free HNT-modified adhesive. The microtensile bond strength test was performed after immediate (24h) and long-term (6 months) of water storage. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey (α=5%) and the Weibull analysis. Results: DC was greater for the CHX-free HNT-modified adhesive, whereas the other experimental adhesives showed similar DC as compared with the control. Primers were less viscous than the adhesives, without significant differences within the respective materials. At 24h, all groups showed similar bonding performance and structural reliability; whereas at the 6-month period, groups treated with the 0.2%CHX solution prior bonding or with the CHX-modified primers resulted in greater bond strength than the control and superior reliability. Significance: The modification of a primer or adhesive with CHX-encapsulated HNTs was an advantageous approach that did not impair the polymerization, viscosity and bonding performance of the materials, showing a promising long-term effect on resin-dentin bonds.
Clinician-Patient Small Talk: Comparing Fourth-Year Dental Students and Practicing Dentists in a Standardized Patient Encounter
(2016) Maupome, Gerardo; Holcomb, Christopher; Schrader, Stuart; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
The aim of this study was to establish whether frequency of non-diagnostic, non-management exchanges between clinicians and patient (called “socioemotional communication,” SC) during a consultation differed between fourth-year dental students and dentists, controlling for clinically driven exchanges of information. Fifteen dentists and 17 fourth-year dental students were recorded in 2006 while undergoing a consultation with a live standardized patient and were subsequently interviewed by investigators in a separate room with the recording present for analysis. Their shared interpretations of cognitive strategies were recorded and compared for differences in the presence of SC. The results showed that most of the students and dentists engaged in SC throughout the consultation with a few exceptions. There were no significant differences between student and dentist cohorts for overall SC presence (p=0.62), time to first instance of SC from overall start of the consultation (p=0.73), and time to first instance of SC after first intraoral examination had taken place (p=0.76). Nonsignificant differences were also recorded for overall frequency at which SC occurred from overall start of the consultation (p=0.89) and after the first intraoral examination had taken place (p=0.12). The patterns showed SC interaction occurring throughout the consultation, not concentrated at the beginning or end. SC did not appear to differ between practitioners and students in terms of prevalence, frequency, or timing. Future research should examine the detailed association between SC and diagnostic thinking processes to further delineate the relationship and characterize possible pedagogical applications.
Combined effects of soft drinks and nicotine on Streptococcus mutans metabolic activity and biofilm formation
(J-STAGE, 2021-01) Mokeem, Lamia S.; Willis, Lisa H.; Windsor, L. Jack; Cook, N. Blaine; Eckert, George; Gregory, Richard L.; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of nicotine on the activity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in soft drinks. Regular soft drinks contain large proportions of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which increases the activity of S. mutans resulting in high-caries risk compared with sugar-free soft drinks. Nicotine use exhibits a strong correlation with increased S. mutans biofilm formation. The soft drinks chosen were (Coca-Cola Classic, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero Sugar, Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Caffeine-Free Diet Coke, Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola Zero Sugar). S. mutans was grown overnight in tryptic soy broth; nicotine was diluted in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 1.0% sucrose followed by soft drinks in dilution of 1:3. Total growth absorbance and biofilm growth were determined by spectrophotometry, absorbance measured to determine biofilm formation, and metabolic activity quantified. One-way ANOVA showed a considerable effect for HFCS and caffeine in the presence of nicotine and their interaction in all measures. Results showed sugar-free caffeinated colas demonstrated significant effect in inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation and metabolic activity with nicotine. Nicotine-induced S. mutans increased biofilm formation and metabolic activity in the presence of HFCS and caffeine in soft drinks. In conclusion, smokers should consider sugar-free caffeinated versions to minimize the chance of developing dental caries dut to the reduction of biofilm formation.

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