Department of Tourism, Event, & Sport Management

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A Post-Pandemic Reflection of the Changing Role of Contemporary Event Professionals: Implications for Event Professionals and Higher Education
(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Kramer, Savannah Kay; Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Cecil, Amanda; Shonkwiler, Erica; Tourism, Event, & Sport Management, School of Health and Human Sciences
While the event, tourism, and hospitality industry is constantly evolving, COVID-19 vastly shifted the roles, responsibilities, and jobs for event professionals, which caused event management educators to reevaluate their curriculum and course offerings. This study investigated the potential changes COVID-19 has had on event professionals’ skill sets. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, where data were collected from event professionals via focus groups and a national survey. The results highlighted the importance of general business management skillsets (communication, business writing, negotiation) as well as specific event management skills (digital and technology skills). Through a timely reflection on these changes during the pandemic, this study not only highlights the requirements for contemporary event professionals, but also offers implications for higher education institutions regarding how to effectively embrace the new landscape of event management in post-pandemic times.
A reflection on the Great Resignation in the hospitality and tourism industry
(Emerald Publishing, 2022-08-12) Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Wen, Han; Huang, Wei-Jue; Tourism, Event & Sport Management, School of Health and Human Sciences
Purpose This paper aims to provide a critical reflection on the Great Resignation in the hospitality and tourism industry in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this paper reviews the causes and effects of the Great Resignation, addresses the labor shortage in this industry and proposes strategies that can help manage the challenges. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a critical analysis of emerging phenomena, related literature and researchers’ experiences and insights. Findings The Great Resignation has presented unprecedented challenges for the hospitality and tourism industry. A closer examination reveals that the pandemic has served as a catalyst rather than a leading cause of this trend. Workforce issues are becoming increasingly complex under contemporary influences, including internal elements such as new explications at work and external factors like the gig economy and technology implementation. Practical implications This study provides practical implications on how Hospitality and Tourism practitioners can respond to the Great Resignation on micro, meso and macro levels. The practical implications revolve around employees’ changing needs and preferences in the wave of Great Resignation, as well as the necessity for employers’ reflection and improvement. Originality/value This study marks an initial attempt to provide a critical assessment of a contemporary issue involving the Great Resignation. This paper extends its discussion through an advanced analysis of the issue, offers suggestions to manage current obstacles related to labor issues in hospitality and tourism, and illuminates future research directions.
Analysis of sport sales courses in the sport management curriculum
(Elsevier, 2019-06) Pierce, David; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human Sciences
This paper examined the curriculum posted on program websites of sales education in undergraduate sport management programs in the United States. A sport sales course is offered by 22% of undergraduate sport management programs. Programs with Commission on Sport Management Accreditation (COSMA) accreditation, located in a city, housed in a sport management or leisure department, and programs with larger student enrollments were the most likely to offer a sport sales course. A survey was also utilized better understand of how sport sales courses are being taught and uncover the perceptions of programs not offering sales. The top reasons for adding the class were the demand from the industry for qualified salespeople and a positive employment outlook. Survey results revealed that all courses were taught in a face-to-face environment with an average class size of 27, predominantly taught by a full-time faculty member in sport management. Selling in the Sport Industry authored by Pierce et al. was the most commonly used textbook. Respondents from programs not offering the course nearly universally recognized the importance of students demonstrating competence in sales by the time they graduate, and 74% reported covering sales competencies elsewhere in curriculum. Slightly over one-fourth of the programs without a sales course indicated that addition of a required class is likely in the near future. The business school was a likely place to outsource the teaching of sales competencies, with 13% of schools without a sport sales class requiring a professional selling course offered in the business school and 18% offering access to an elective. The most significant obstacle impeding the adoption of sales was the constraint posed by credit hour limits for graduation.
Analysis of Young Tourists' Life Satisfaction Domains and Determinants of Overall Life Satisfaction
(2019) Wang, Suosheng; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
This study explores tourists’ satisfaction outcomes and life satisfaction domains, and examines the domains’ relative importance in influencing tourists’ overall life satisfaction. Seven life satisfaction domains are identified in relation to young Chinese tourists’ leisure travel, among which five domains are found to be significant in affecting the tourists’ overall life satisfaction. These significant domains, in order of importance, are life satisfaction in work, affection/love, social status and recognition, knowledge enhancement, and leisure and relaxation. No difference is detected about the young tourists’ travel-related life satisfaction relating to their demographic variables such as gender, income and marital status. Based on the results, theoretical and managerial implications are recommended.
Applying Crowd Risk Mitigation Technologies in Urban Sport Events: A Case Analysis of the Collegiate Football Event in Indianapolis, IN
(Events and Tourism Institute at IUPUI, 2021-12) Weaver, Kennedy; Liu-Lastres, Becky; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human Sciences
In recent years, the need for advanced precautions for mitigating the risks imposed by events, which involve high volumes of people in shared spaces, has multiplied. The occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic has further altered event practices, spaces, and event attendees’ mindsets in large-scale events. Proper crowd management not only seeks to prevent acts of violence and injury, but in today’s event environments; efforts should be consciously applied to reduce the spread of respiratory infections such as COVID-19. As the events industry continues to evolve and face new limitations, ways in which event organizers respond must evolve as well. Smartphone technologies are opening new ways for event organizers to communicate with and monitor attendees. This case study explores current crowd management strategies, analyzes the gaps in widely used models, and finally proposes event management technologies trending in the field.
Applying Holland's Vocational Choice Theory in Sport Management
(Human Kinetics, 2017) Pierce, David; Johnson, James
Holland’s (1997) vocational choice theory is used in vocational counseling to aid job seekers in finding occupations that fit their personality based on Holland’s RIASEC typology of personalities and work environments. The purpose of this research was to determine the Holland RIASEC profiles for occupations within the sport industry by having employees in intercollegiate athletics complete the Position Classification Inventory (Gottfredson & Holland, 1991). Results indicated the three-letter Holland code for the sport industry is SEC. The sport industry is dominated by the Social environment, evidenced by seven occupations possessing Social in the first letter of the profile and Social rating in the top two for all occupations. Seven occupations were primarily Social, three were Realistic, two were Enterprising, and two were Conventional. A MANOVA was also conducted to compare differences between occupational disciplines on the six Holland environments. Implications for sport industry occupations and the application of Holland’s theory are discussed.
Are we always ready? Examining event professionals approaches to risk and crisis management and resilience
(Elsevier, 2023-03) Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Cahyanto, Ignatius P.; Tourism, Event, & Sport Management, School of Health and Human Sciences
The purpose of this study was to provide empirical insights into event professionals' approaches to risk and crisis management and resilience. This study was guided by an integrated model developed based on the 4R Tourism Crisis Management Model and the Organizational Resilience Framework. A qualitative research method was used, where two studies consisted of 26 interviews were conducted before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings revealed that most event professionals' risk management measures center around event operations, and their crisis management practices appear to be more aligned with the organization. Both personal and organizational factors influence the participants' risk and crisis management and resilience-building practices. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic revealed their underpreparedness towards major crises, and most of them had not appreciated the importance of resilience until the crisis ensued. Based on the findings, this study further discussed theoretical and practical implications.
Are We Punishing Success? An Evaluation of the Indiana Tournament Success Factor and Implications for Interscholastic Policy
(Indiana University, 2023) Johnson, James; Pierce, David; Matz, Davis; Tourism, Event, & Sport Management, School of Health and Human Sciences
In 2012 the Indiana High School Athletic Association approved the Tournament Success Factor (TSF). This innovative policy was designed to improve interscholastic competitive balance by reclassifying individual teams above their enrollment based on success in their post-season tournament. To date, there have been five two-year cycles of TSF reclassifications, and some critics argue the policy unfairly penalizes the athletes on teams who must play up in classification after the successes of the predecessors. To determine if this critique was justified, as well as identify patterns and potential policy adjustments, this study investigated 93 cases of how teams performed after moving up in classification due to the TSF. Results indicated that 55.9% did not have enough post-season success at the next level in the first cycle after moving up to remain in the higher classification, and 79.5% did not by the end of two cycles. Additionally, reclassifications happen at a disproportionately high rate for private schools relative to the number of private high schools throughout the state. Historically, six and eight years prior to moving up show significant differences between teams that have some success at a higher classification and teams that demonstrated isolated success with an immediate return to a lower classification. Based on the results, it appears a reasonable policy innovation would be to increase the point value needed to trigger the move up from 6 to 7, or use a historical metric that includes TSF points over prior cycles. These changes would eliminate most of the isolated cases of success and target the most successful programs that should be competing at a higher classification, which meets the true intention and spirit of TSF.
Beyond Scope of Practice: Inferring High School Tennis Coaches' Behavior from their Nutrition and Eating Disorder Knowledge
(Juniper Publications, 2018-02-01) Reagan, Brian Patrick; Pierce, David; Department of Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Physical Education and Tourism Management
The primary purpose of this study was to assess high school tennis coaches’ knowledge of macronutrients and disordered eating (e.g., etiology). Other purposes included identifying confidence in knowledge and any differences between the participating coaches’ knowledge and demographic variables. To address these purposes, the 27-question Nutrition and Eating Disorders in Tennis (“NET”) Survey was created. The study design involved a one-time voluntary assessment of the Indiana coaches’ demographic variables, knowledge, sources of knowledge, and level of confidence (e.g., Not At All or Very Confident). Overall, the results revealed that the coaches lacked knowledge. The average score was 70.6%, which was below the criterion for adequate knowledge. Furthermore, the coaches lacked adequate knowledge in three of the five knowledge domains: Treatment and Prevention of Disordered Eating (63.6% ± 22.9%), Disordered Eating Signs and Symptoms (60.0% ± 21.7%), and Macronutrients (57.0% ± 22.4%). There were no significant differences between coaches’ education level, gender, or type and knowledge. However, there was in experience; the more years coached, the lower the scores. Finally, there was a trend of overconfidence in answers.
A Brand Loyalty Model Utilitizing Team Identification and Customer Satisfaction in the Licensed Sports Product Industry
(2010) Lee, Soonhwan; Shin, Hongbum; Park, Jung-Jun; Kwon, Oh-Ryun
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the attitudinal brand loyalty variables (i.e., cognitive, affective, and conative components), team identification, and customer satisfaction by developing a structural equation model, based on Oliver's (1997) attitudinal brand loyalty model. The results of this study confirmed the study of brand loyalty stages by Oliver (1997) involving development of a brand loyalty process. Results supported the finding that consumers' strong beliefs about brand quality have increased the degree of "liking". In turn, results indicate a positive intention or commitment to repurchase a particular item. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of measuring attitudinal brand loyalty to identify attitudinal brand loyal customers and better understand their repurchasing intentions in the sports licensed product industry. Furthermore, this study showed the significant mediating effect of cognitive and affective brand loyalty in the relationship between customer satisfaction and conative brand loyalty.

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