Browsing by Subject "Time Factors"

Now showing 1 - 10 of 14
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    Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial
    (Mary Ann Liebert, 2013-11) Wietecha, Linda; Williams, David; Shaywitz, Sally; Shaywitz, Bennett; Hooper, Stephen R.; Wigal, Sharon B.; Dunn, David; McBurnett, Keith; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate atomoxetine treatment effects in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-only), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid dyslexia (ADHD+D), or dyslexia only on ADHD core symptoms and on sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), working memory, life performance, and self-concept. METHODS: Children and adolescents (10-16 years of age) with ADHD+D (n=124), dyslexia-only (n=58), or ADHD-only (n=27) received atomoxetine (1.0-1.4 mg/kg/day) or placebo (ADHD-only subjects received atomoxetine) in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial with a 16 week, open-label extension phase (atomoxetine treatment only). Changes from baseline were assessed to weeks 16 and 32 in ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Parent-Version:Investigator-Administered and Scored (ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv); ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Teacher-Version (ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version); Life Participation Scale-Child- or Parent-Rated Version (LPS); Kiddie-Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (K-SCT) Interview; Multidimensional Self Concept Scale (MSCS); and Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C). RESULTS: At week 16, atomoxetine treatment resulted in significant (p<0.05) improvement from baseline in subjects with ADHD+D versus placebo on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Total (primary outcome) and subscales, ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Interview Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Central Executive component scores; in subjects with Dyslexia-only, atomoxetine versus placebo significantly improved K-SCT Youth subscale scores from baseline. At Week 32, atomoxetine-treated ADHD+D subjects significantly improved from baseline on all measures except MSCS Family subscale and WMTB-C Central Executive and Visuo-spatial Sketchpad component scores. The atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to week 32 on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Phonological Loop and Central Executive component scores. The atomoxetine-treated ADHD-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to Week 32 on ADHDRS-Parent:Inv Total and subscales, ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version Hyperactive/Impulsive subscale, LPS Self-Control and Total, all K-SCT subscales, and MSCS Academic and Competence subscale scores. CONCLUSIONS: Atomoxetine treatment improved ADHD symptoms in subjects with ADHD+D and ADHD-only, but not in subjects with dyslexia-only without ADHD. This is the first study to report significant effects of any medication on SCT.
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    Changes in insulin sensitivity over time and associated factors in HIV-infected adolescents
    (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2018-03-13) Geffner, Mitchell E.; Patel, Kunjal; Jacobson, Denise L.; Wu, Julia; Miller, Tracie L.; Hazra, Rohan; Gerschenson, Mariana; Sharma, Tanvi; Silio, Margarita; Jao, Jennifer; Takemoto, Jody K.; Van Dyke, Russell B.; Dimeglio, Linda A.; Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS); Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of insulin resistance between perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) and perinatally HIV-exposed, but uninfected adolescents (PHEU), determine incidence of and contributory factors to new and resolved cases of insulin resistance in PHIV+, and evaluate glucose metabolism. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design for comparison of prevalence among PHIV+ and PHEU. Longitudinal design for incidence and resolution of insulin resistance among PHIV+ at risk for these outcomes. METHODS: The source population was adolescents from pediatric HIV clinics in the United States and Puerto Rico participating in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study designed to evaluate impact of HIV infection and its treatment on multiple domains in preadolescents and adolescents. Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Those with incident insulin resistance underwent 2-h oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c. Baseline demographic, metabolic, and HIV-specific variables were evaluated for association with incident or resolved insulin resistance. RESULTS: Unadjusted prevalence of insulin resistance in PHIV+ was 27.3 versus 34.1% in PHEU. After adjustment for Tanner stage, age, sex, and race/ethnicity, there was no significant difference between groups. Factors positively associated with developing insulin resistance included female sex, higher BMI z score, and higher waist circumference; those associated with resolving insulin resistance included male sex and lower BMI z score. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of insulin resistance in PHIV+ and PHEU was substantially higher than that reported in HIV-uninfected nonoverweight youth, but similar to that in HIV-uninfected obese youth. Factors associated with incident or resolved insulin resistance among PHIV+ were similar to those reported in HIV-negative obese youth. However, a contributory role of HIV infection and/or its treatment to the incident risk of insulin resistance cannot be excluded.
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    Clinical Comparison of Retinopathy-Positive and Retinopathy-Negative Cerebral Malaria
    (American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2017-05) Villaverde, Chandler; Namazzi, Ruth; Shabani, Estela; Opoka, Robert O.; John, Chandy C.; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    AbstractCerebral malaria (CM) is a severe and often lethal complication of falciparum malaria. A classic malaria retinopathy is seen in some (retinopathy-positive [RP]) children but not others (retinopathy-negative [RN]), and is associated with increased parasite sequestration. It is unclear whether RN CM is a severe nonmalarial illness with incidental parasitemia or a less severe form of the same malarial illness as RP CM. Understanding the clinical differences between RP and RN CM may help shed light on the pathophysiology of malarial retinopathy. We compared clinical history, physical examination, laboratory findings, and outcomes of RP (N = 167) and RN (N = 87) children admitted to Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Compared with RN children, RP children presented with a longer history of illness, as well as physical examination and laboratory findings indicative of more severe disease and organ damage. The hospital course of RP children was complicated by longer coma duration and a greater transfusion burden than RN children. Mortality did not differ significantly between RP and RN children (14.4% versus 8.0%, P = 0.14). Further, severity of retinal hemorrhage correlated with the majority of variables that differed between RP and RN children. The data suggest that RP and RN CM may reflect the spectrum of illness in CM, and that RN CM could be an earlier, less severe form of disease.
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    Comprehensive Evaluation of Posttreatment Skeletal, Dental and Soft Tissue Changes
    (2003) Martin, Daniel S.; Roberts, W. Eugene; Baldwin, James J.; Hohlt, William F.; Katona, Thomas R.; Shanks, James C.
    One of the most important challenges the orthodontist faces is producing an orthodontic result that is stable. While many investigators have analyzed postretention stability, they have focused on specific variables. These include lower incisor crowding, intercanine distance and arch form alteration. However, to effectively analyze posttreatment stability, one must also examine the occlusion, skeletal changes and soft tissue changes that. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: 1. Comprehensively evaluate posttreatment skeletal, dental and soft tissue changes and 2. compare the stability of cases from the Indiana University School of Dentistry (IUSD) Graduate Orthodontic Clinic to those of a private practitioner. The null hypotheses of this study were: 1. There were no significant differences (p <0.05) in the amount of change from immediately posttreatment to two years posttreatment for the 150 cases evaluated. 2. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in posttreatment stability between the IUSD Graduate Orthodontic Clinic and those treated by a private practitioner. 3. There were no significant differences (p <. 05) in the quality of finish between IUSD and private practice. One hundred dental records from the IUSD Graduate Orthodontic Clinic and fifty from the office of a private practitioner were used in this analysis. Posttreatment and two year posttreatment dental casts were scored according to the American Board of Orthodontics Grading System for Dental Casts and Panoramic Radiographs. Lateral cephalometric radiographs from three time points (pretreatment, immediately posttreatment and at least two years posttreatment) were traced and measured to assess posttreatment skeletal and soft tissue changes. Except for two of the individual ABO categories, none demonstrated statistically significant changes over the two year posttreatment period. There was a statistically significant increase in 1st order alignment score and a statistically significant decrease in occlusal contact score for this period. This indicates that there is a tendency for posttreatment rotational relapse. Also, the reduction in the occlusal contact score indicates a settling of the occlusion over the two year posttreatment period. Intercanine and intermolar measurements were made to assess arch form stability. It was found that there were statistically significant increases in upper and lower intercanine distances from pretreatment to posttreatment, but the amount of change between posttreatment and two years posttreatment was not statistically significant. Cephalometrically, several of the measurements demonstrated changes from pretreatment to posttreatment. The dental measures /1 (A-Pg) and 1/(FH) were significantly increased for this time period. Also, /1 (MP) was statistically decreased for this time period. The skeletal measures N-A-Pg, SNA and ANB were statistically lower at the completion of treatment. Lip protrusion was statistically reduced from pretreatment to either posttreatment time point. Although statistically significant differences were found in two of the parameters evaluated, the majority demonstrated no statistical significance. It is the conclusion of this investigation that posttreatment changes in most of the parameters studied are stable over a two year period.
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    Evidence for a Long-Lasting Compulsive Alcohol Seeking Phenotype in Rats
    (American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018-03) Giuliano, Chiara; Peña-Oliver, Yolanda; Goodlett, Charles R.; Cardinal, Rudolf N.; Robbins, Trevor W.; Bullmore, Edward T.; Belin, David; Everitt, Barry J.; Psychology, School of Science
    Excessive drinking to intoxication is the major behavioral characteristic of those addicted to alcohol but it is not the only one. Indeed, individuals addicted to alcohol also crave alcoholic beverages and spend time and put much effort into compulsively seeking alcohol, before eventually drinking large amounts. Unlike this excessive drinking, for which treatments exist, compulsive alcohol seeking is therefore another key feature of the persistence of alcohol addiction since it leads to relapse and for which there are few effective treatments. Here we provide novel evidence for the existence in rats of an individual vulnerability to switch from controlled to compulsive, punishment-resistant alcohol seeking. Alcohol-preferring rats given access to alcohol under an intermittent 2-bottle choice procedure to establish their alcohol-preferring phenotype were subsequently trained instrumentally to seek and take alcohol on a chained schedule of reinforcement. When stable seeking-taking performance had been established, completion of cycles of seeking responses resulted unpredictably either in punishment (0.45 mA foot-shock) or the opportunity to make a taking response for access to alcohol. Compulsive alcohol seeking, maintained in the face of the risk of punishment, emerged in only a subset of rats with a predisposition to prefer and drink alcohol, and was maintained for almost a year. We show further that a selective and potent μ-opioid receptor antagonist (GSK1521498) reduced both alcohol seeking and alcohol intake in compulsive and non-compulsive rats, indicating its therapeutic potential to promote abstinence and prevent relapse in individuals addicted to alcohol.
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    Executive functioning and speech-language skills following long-term use of cochlear implants
    (Oxford University Press, 2014-10) Kronenberger, William G.; Colson, Bethany G.; Henning, Shirley C.; Pisoni, David B.; Department of Medicine, IU School of Medicine
    Neurocognitive processes such as executive functioning (EF) may influence the development of speech-language skills in deaf children after cochlear implantation in ways that differ from normal-hearing, typically developing children. Conversely, spoken language abilities and experiences may also exert reciprocal effects on the development of EF. The purpose of this study was to identify EF domains that are related to speech-language skills in cochlear implant (CI) users, compared to normal-hearing peers. Sixty-four prelingually deaf, early-implanted, long-term users of CIs and 74 normal-hearing peers equivalent in age and nonverbal intelligence completed measures of speech-language skills and three domains of EF: working memory, fluency-speed, and inhibition-concentration. Verbal working memory and fluency-speed were more strongly associated with speech-language outcomes in the CI users than in the normal-hearing peers. Spatial working memory and inhibition-concentration correlated positively with language skills in normal-hearing peers but not in CI users. The core domains of EF that are associated with spoken language development are different in long-term CI users compared to normal-hearing peers, suggesting important dissociations in neurocognitive development.
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    High Survivorship With a Titanium-encased Alumina Ceramic Bearing for Total Hip Arthroplasty
    (Springer US, 2014-02) D’Antonio, James A.; Capello, William N.; Naughton, Marybeth; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, IU School of Medicine
    Background Although ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for total hip arthroplasty (THA) show promising results in terms of bearing-surface wear, fracture of the bearing, insertional chips, and squeaking remain a concern. Questions/purposes Our primary objective of this report was to determine overall survivorship of a titanium- encased ceramic-on-ceramic bearing couple. Our secondary objectives were to evaluate for ceramic fracture, insertional chips, osteolysis, and device squeaking. Methods Six surgeons at six institutions implanted 194 patients (209 hips) with an average age of 52 years with cementless hips and alumina ceramic bearings. One hun- dred thirty-seven patients (146 hips) have 10-year followup (70%). We determined Kaplan-Meier survivorship of the bearing surface and implant system and collected radio- graphic and clinical data to evaluate for osteolysis and squeaking. Results Survivorship using revision for any reason as the end point was 97% at 10 years and survivorship end point bearing surface failure or aseptic loosening of 99%. There was one ceramic insert fracture (0.5%), there were no insertional chips, there was no visible osteolysis on AP and lateral radiographs, and there was a 1% patient- self-reported incidence of squeaking at the last clinical followup. Six hips underwent revision (3.7%). Conclusions Ceramic bearings for THA with a titanium- encased insert have high survivorship at 10 years followup and a fracture risk of 0.5%. We found at last followup on routine radiographs no evidence of osteolysis, and no patient has been revised for squeaking or has reported dissatisfaction with the clinical result because of noise. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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    Longitudinal associations among relationship factors, partner change, and sexually transmitted infection acquisition in adolescent women
    (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2011-03) Ott, Mary A.; Katschke, Adrian; Tu, Wanzhu; Fortenberry, J. Dennis; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    OBJECTIVES: New sex partners put adolescents at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), even when these sex partners are nonoverlapping. Although the risk of partner change is well described, little is known about its antecedents. We prospectively examined associations between relationship characteristics, partner change, and subsequent STI during intervals of "serial monogamy." METHODS: As part of a longitudinal study, 332 adolescent women were interviewed and tested for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomonas every 3 months for up to just over 6 years. Interviews covered partner-specific relationship characteristics and sexual behaviors. The quarterly interval, a 3-month period bracketed by interviews and STI testing, was the unit of analysis. We examined associations among relationship factors, partner change, and subsequent STI using a series of mixed regression models, controlling for age, STI at Time 1, and condom nonuse. RESULTS: Age, lower relationship quality, and lower levels of partner closeness to friends and family predicted partner change from Time 1 to Time 2. In turn, partner change was associated with acquisition of a new STI at Time 2. Although relationship factors did not exert a direct effect on STI at Time 2, they improved partner change-STI model fit. Similar patterns were seen with each organism. CONCLUSION: Relationship factors drive partner change, which in turn contributes to STI acquisition. STI prevention research may need to focus on the relationship antecedents to partner change, in addition to the partner change itself.
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    Optimal Time and Temperature for Maximum Moment and Springback and Residual Stress Relief of Stainless Steel Wire
    (1970) Marcotte, Michael R.
    Stainless steel wire, Type 304, was tested using three measurements to indicate the best time and temperature for optimal spring properties. The measurements used were springback2 -springback1, relaxation-springback1, and maximum-moment values. It appears that the degree of improvement and stress relief obtained is time and temperature sensitive. Low temperature stress relieving appear to be of definite benefit and it certainly compliments what is known about sensitization phenomena. There was no uniform increase in springback as the temperature was increased. Springback and stress relief appear to be maximum at relatively low temperatures (650° to 750°F.) for 11 minutes. This research was done to help define some of the capacities of orthodontic materials. In the future, we must understand failure mechanisms with more accuracy and define mechanical properties, as they affect orthodontic appliances, with more meaningful tests and specifications.