Browsing by Subject "Technology"
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Item Access to Knowledge in Brazil: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development(Bloomsbury Academic, 2010) Shaver, LeaAccess to knowledge is a demand for democratic participation, for global inclusion and for economic justice. It is a reaction to the excessively restrictive international IP regime put in place over the last two decades, which seeks to reassert the public interest in a more balanced information policy. With sponsorship from the Ford Foundation, the Information Society Project at Yale Law School has embarked on a new series of access to knowledge research, in partnership with colleagues in Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Russia and South Africa. The first book in this series, Access to Knowledge in Brazil, focuses on current issues in intellectual property, innovation and development policy from a Brazilian perspective. Each chapter is authored by scholars from the Fundação Getulio Vargas law schools in São Paolo and Rio de Janeiro and examines a policy area that significantly impacts access to knowledge in the country. These include: exceptions and limitations to copyright, free software and open business models, patent reform and access to medicines, and open innovation in the biotechnology sector.Item Access to Knowledge in Egypt: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development(Bloomsbury Academic, 2010) Shaver, Lea; Rizk, NaglaThe conventional wisdom in Egypt examines the issue of intellectual property solely as a question of policing and enforcement. The high levels of protection indicated by the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights are unquestioningly assumed to be desirable. Policy debates - and all too often academic ones as well - focus only on the questions of how to more efficiently tighten IP protection and crack down on piracy. Yet a more critical examination is urgently needed, whereby IP law, policy, and practice are viewed from a development perspective, rather than from an enforcement perspective. This volume takes on this endeavor. It offers the first examination of IP issues in Egypt adopting a multidisciplinary bottom-up approach that aims at maximizing access and contribution to knowledge, and in turn, promoting development. Bringing rigorous empirical research to bear on unquestioned ideologies, the collaborating authors question the conventional wisdom that more IP protection is necessarily better for innovation and development.Item 'Artificial intelligence in Barrett's Esophagus'(Sage, 2021-10-12) Hamade, Nour; Sharma, Prateek; Medicine, School of MedicineDespite advances in endoscopic imaging modalities, there are still significant miss rates of dysplasia and cancer in Barrett's esophagus. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising tool that may potentially be a useful adjunct to the endoscopist in detecting subtle dysplasia and cancer. Studies have shown AI systems have a sensitivity of more than 90% and specificity of more than 80% in detecting Barrett's related dysplasia and cancer. Beyond visual detection and diagnosis, AI may also prove to be useful in quality control, streamlining clinical work, documentation, and lessening the administrative load on physicians. Research in this area is advancing at a rapid rate, and as the field expands, regulations and guidelines will need to be put into place to better regulate the growth and use of AI. This review provides an overview of the present and future role of AI in Barrett's esophagus.Item Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science Philanthropy: Case Studies of a Purposive Classification of Philanthropic Missions(Routledge, 2024) Herzog, Patricia SnellThis chapter analyzes U.S. nonprofit data compiled from multiple sources to identify 349 philanthropic organizations involved in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science technology. Analyzing mission statements results in three groups categories – tech-centered, tech-perpetuating, and tech-implementing – and includes case studies of 15 organizations exemplifying each technology for good type. The chapter concludes with a conceptual framework for philanthropy's role in advancing technology and social good.Item Combination of Mucosa-Exposure Device and Computer-Aided Detection for Adenoma Detection During Colonoscopy: A Randomized Trial(Elsevier, 2023-07) Spadaccini, Marco; Hassan, Cesare; Rondonotti, Emanuele; Antonelli, Giulio; Andrisani, Gianluca; Lollo, Gianluca; Auriemma, Francesco; Iacopini, Federico; Facciorusso, Antonio; Maselli, Roberta; Fugazza, Alessandro; Bambina Bergna, Irene Maria; Cereatti, Fabrizio; Mangiavillano, Benedetto; Radaelli, Franco; Di Matteo, Francesco; Gross, Seth A.; Sharma, Prateek; Mori, Yuichi; Bretthauer, Michael; Rex, Douglas K.; Repici, Alessandro; Medicine, School of MedicineBackground & Aims Both computer-aided detection (CADe)-assisted and Endocuff-assisted colonoscopy have been found to increase adenoma detection. We investigated the performance of the combination of the 2 tools compared with CADe-assisted colonoscopy alone to detect colorectal neoplasias during colonoscopy in a multicenter randomized trial. Methods Men and women undergoing colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening, polyp surveillance, or clincial indications at 6 centers in Italy and Switzerland were enrolled. Patients were assigned (1:1) to colonoscopy with the combinations of CADe (GI-Genius; Medtronic) and a mucosal exposure device (Endocuff Vision [ECV]; Olympus) or to CADe-assisted colonoscopy alone (control group). All detected lesions were removed and sent to histopathology for diagnosis. The primary outcome was adenoma detection rate (percentage of patients with at least 1 histologically proven adenoma or carcinoma). Secondary outcomes were adenomas detected per colonoscopy, advanced adenomas and serrated lesions detection rate, the rate of unnecessary polypectomies (polyp resection without histologically proven adenomas), and withdrawal time. Results From July 1, 2021 to May 31, 2022, there were 1316 subjects randomized and eligible for analysis; 660 to the ECV group, 656 to the control group). The adenoma detection rate was significantly higher in the ECV group (49.6%) than in the control group (44.0%) (relative risk, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.00–1.26; P = .04). Adenomas detected per colonoscopy were significantly higher in the ECV group (mean ± SD, 0.94 ± 0.54) than in the control group (0.74 ± 0.21) (incidence rate ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.04–1.54; P = .02). The 2 groups did not differ in term of detection of advanced adenomas and serrated lesions. There was no significant difference between groups in mean ± SD withdrawal time (9.01 ± 2.48 seconds for the ECV group vs 8.96 ± 2.24 seconds for controls; P = .69) or proportion of subjects undergoing unnecessary polypectomies (relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.69–1.14; P = .38). Conclusions The combination of CADe and ECV during colonoscopy increases adenoma detection rate and adenomas detected per colonoscopy without increasing withdrawal time compared with CADe alone.Item Comparison of cost-effectiveness and postoperative outcomes following integration of a stiff shaft glidewire into percutaneous nephrolithotripsy(Sage, 2021-08-22) Valadon, Crystal; Abedali, Zain A.; Nottingham, Charles U.; Large, Tim; Krambeck, Amy E.; Urology, School of MedicineAims: To analyze the cost effectiveness of integrating a stiff shaft glidewire (SSGW) in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) relative to standard technique (ST). This is prudent because healthcare providers are experiencing increased pressure to improve procedure-related cost containment. Methods: ST for PCNL at our institution involves a hydrophilic glidewire during initial percutaneous access and then two new stiff shaft wires. The SSGW is a hydrophilic wire used for initial access and the remainder of the procedure. We collected operating room (OR) costs for all primary, unilateral PCNL cases over a 5-month period during which ST for PCNL was used at a single institution with a single surgeon and compared with a 6-month period during which a SSGW was used. Mean costs for each period were then compared along with stone-free rates and complications. Results: We included 17 total cases in the ST group and 22 in the SSGW group. The average operating room supply cost for the ST group was $1937.32 and $1559.39 in the SSGW group. The net difference of $377.93 represents a nearly 20% decrease in cost. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.031). There was no difference in postoperative stone-free rates (82.4% versus 86.4%, p = 1.0, respectively) or complications (23.5% versus 13.6%, p = 0.677, respectively) between ST and SSGW groups. Conclusion: Transitioning to a SSGW has reduced OR supply cost by reducing the number of supplies required. The change in wire did not affect stone-free rates or complications.Item Correction: Foley et al. Emerging Technologies within Spine Surgery. Life 2023, 13, 2028(MDPI, 2024-05-27) Foley, David; Hardacker, Pierce; McCarthy, Michael; Orthopaedic Surgery, School of MedicineIn the original publication [1], there was a mistake in Figure 1 as published. The plumb line drawn for the calculation of the cervical sagittal vertical axis should originate from the center of the C2 body. In the original figure, the line incorrectly begins at the anterior body. The corrected Figure 1 appears below. The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.Item Could the SARS-CoV-2 infection be acquired from Smartphones?(College of Health Science of Jimma University, 2020-09-01) Law, Siukan; Alnasser, Ali Hassan A.; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Medicine, School of MedicineBased on the provided information, smartphone devices can be a mediator in the transmission of infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare centers and the community. It is known that smartphones are no longer only for phone calls, but their use is necessary for communication, health information, e-learning, and medical consultations. Strategies should go beyond the imposition of behavioral controls for individuals with a commitment to regularly disinfect smartphones, portable electronic medical record devices, etc. Besides, finding alternative ways to use these devices in a clinical setting is paramount importance.Item COVID-19 Epidemiology and Google Searches(Elsevier, 2020-10-14) Jansson-Knodell, Claire L.; Bhavsar-Burke, Indira; Shin, Andrea; Medicine, School of MedicineWe read “Increased internet search interest for GI symptoms may predict COVID-19 cases in US hotspots” by Ahmad et al with interest. The authors compared search volume for gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence in 15 states to observe that searches for the terms ageusia, loss of appetite, and diarrhea correlated with disease burden at 4 weeks. In our own analysis of Google Trends, we made similar observations with a few distinctions. We assessed COVID-19 plus diarrhea searches and United States COVID-19 epidemiology by using the Pearson correlation coefficient. We used Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data for reported incidence and mortality (deaths per capita), cross-referencing with U.S. census data.Our findings suggest that diarrhea searches do not correlate well with disease burden; however, although analysis of online searches for GI symptoms and COVID-19 is not likely to be a good substitute for more traditional epidemiologic methods, search activity could still be useful as part of a more complex model. As you have concluded, Google Trends is a valuable tool, and it is our responsibility to carefully understand and refine its role in this global pandemic.Item Developing a Statewide Research Compendium: Key Points and Steps for Success(Slack, 2022-03) Embree, Jennifer L.; Lyons, Deborah J.; Adams, Cynthia; Heinzman, Susanne; Oetting, Stephanie; Swenty, Connie; School of NursingEngaging clinical nurses in nursing research requires value for the nurses and a structured process. One way to involve nurses in research is through development of a research compendium. A professional development specialist can lead the creation of a research compendium. Identifying key stakeholders, developing a technologic infrastructure, piloting the compendium, gaining feedback, and identifying outcomes that will be evaluated are key.