Browsing by Subject "Motivation"
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Item A critical review of front-loading: A maladaptive drinking pattern driven by alcohol's rewarding effects(Wiley, 2022) Ardinger, Cherish E.; Lapish, Christopher C.; Czachowski, Cristine L.; Grahame, Nicholas J.; Psychology, School of ScienceFront‐loading is a drinking pattern in which alcohol intake is skewed toward the onset of reward access. This phenomenon has been reported across several different alcohol self‐administration protocols in a wide variety of species, including humans. The hypothesis of the current review is that front‐loading emerges in response to the rewarding effects of alcohol and can be used to measure the motivation to consume alcohol. Alternative or additional hypotheses that we consider and contrast with the main hypothesis are that: (1) front‐loading is directed at overcoming behavioral and/or metabolic tolerance and (2) front‐loading is driven by negative reinforcement. Evidence for each of these explanations is reviewed. We also consider how front‐loading has been evaluated statistically in previous research and make recommendations for defining this intake pattern in future studies. Because front‐loading may predict long‐term maladaptive alcohol drinking patterns leading to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD), several future directions are proposed to elucidate the relationship between front‐loading and AUD.Item Amyloid-β oligomers in the nucleus accumbens decrease motivation via insertion of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors(Springer Nature, 2022) Guo, Changyong; Wen, Di; Zhang, Yihong; Mustaklem, Richie; Mustaklem, Basil; Zhou, Miou; Ma, Tao; Ma, Yao-Ying; Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of MedicineIt is essential to identify the neuronal mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)-associated neuropsychiatric symptoms, e.g., apathy, before improving the life quality of AD patients. Here, we focused on the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical brain region processing motivation, also known to display AD-associated pathological changes in human cases. We found that the synaptic calcium permeable (CP)-AMPA receptors (AMPARs), which are normally absent in the NAc, can be revealed by acute exposure to Aβ oligomers (AβOs), and play a critical role in the emergence of synaptic loss and motivation deficits. Blockade of NAc CP-AMPARs can effectively prevent AβO-induced downsizing and pruning of spines and silencing of excitatory synaptic transmission. We conclude that AβO-triggered synaptic insertion of CP-AMPARs is a key mechanism mediating synaptic degeneration in AD, and preserving synaptic integrity may prevent or delay the onset of AD-associated psychiatric symptoms.Item Associations Between Psychosocial Needs, Carbohydrate-Counting Behavior, and App Satisfaction: A Randomized Crossover App Trial on 92 Adults With Diabetes(Wolters Kluwer, 2023-12-01) Choi, Joshua S.; Ma, Darren; Wolfson, Julian A.; Wyman, Jean F.; Adam, Terrence J.; Fu, Helen N.; Medicine, School of MedicineTo examine whether psychosocial needs in diabetes care are associated with carbohydrate counting and if carbohydrate counting is associated with satisfaction with diabetes applications' usability, a randomized crossover trial of 92 adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes requiring insulin therapy tested two top-rated diabetes applications, mySugr and OnTrack Diabetes. Survey responses on demographics, psychosocial needs (perceived competence, autonomy, and connectivity), carbohydrate-counting frequency, and application satisfaction were modeled using mixed-effect linear regressions to test associations. Participants ranged between 19 and 74 years old (mean, 54 years) and predominantly had type 2 diabetes (70%). Among the three tested domains of psychosocial needs, only competence-not autonomy or connectivity-was found to be associated with carbohydrate-counting frequency. No association between carbohydrate-counting behavior and application satisfaction was found. In conclusion, perceived competence in diabetes care is an important factor in carbohydrate counting; clinicians may improve adherence to carbohydrate counting with strategies designed to improve perceived competence. Carbohydrate-counting behavior is complex; its impact on patient satisfaction of diabetes application usability is multifactorial and warrants consideration of patient demographics such as sex as well as application features for automated carbohydrate counting.Item Behavioral indicators of succeeding and failing under higher-challenge compulsion-like alcohol drinking in rat(Elsevier, 2020-09-01) Darevsky, David; Hopf, Frederic W.; Psychiatry, School of MedicineIntake despite negative consequences (compulsivity) contributes strongly to the harm of alcohol use disorder, making the underlying psychological and circuit mechanisms of great importance. To gain insight into possible underlying action strategies, we compared rat licking microstructure across compulsion-like and non-compulsive conditions. We previously showed that drinking under a moderate-challenge, quinine-alcohol model (Alc-ModQ) shows less variable responding in many measures, suggesting a more automatic strategy to overcome challenge. Here, we reanalyzed our original data, newly focusing on the behavioral profile of higher-challenge intake (100 mg/L quinine in alcohol, Alc-HighQ). Alc-HighQ greatly dropped consumption, yet retained aspects of greater automaticity and drive seen with Alc-ModQ, including earlier bout initiation and measures suggesting more stereotyped tongue control. In contrast, Alc-HighQ disordered bout generation and timing. Importantly, only fast-starting bouts persisted under Alc-HighQ, and while there were many fewer longer Alc-HighQ bouts, they still contributed >50 % of consumption. Also, longer bouts under Alc-HighQ had an early, several-second period with greater chance of stopping, but afterwards showed similar persistence and recovery from slow licking as other drinking conditions. Together, our findings elucidate novel behavioral indicators of successful and unsuccessful epochs of Alc-HighQ, compulsion-like intake. We also relate findings to congruent human and animal work implicating anterior insula and medial prefrontal cortices as critical for compulsion-like alcohol responding, and where ventral frontal cortex has been more associated with overall action plan and tongue control (retained under Alc-HighQ), with medial cortex more related to proximal action timing (disrupted under Alc-HighQ except after faster bout initiation).Item The Best Laid Plans… Helping Teachers Foster Intrinsic Motivation in Their Students(2015) Walters, Nicholas; Ganci, AaronHigh school students suffer from a lack of intrinsic motivation to participate in class. In an attempt to combat this lack of motivation, educators often provide students with rewards for participation. However, self-determination theory—a theory of motivation— states that these external incentives contribute to students’ lack of intrinsic motivation.Item CB1 Receptors Regulate Alcohol-Seeking Behavior and Alcohol Self-administration of Female Alcohol-Preferring (P) Rats(Elsevier, 2011-02) Getachew, Bruk; Hauser, Sheketha R.; Dhaher, Ronnie; Bell, Richard L.; Oster, Scott M.; McBride, William J.; Rodd, Zachary A.; Department of Psychiatry, IU School of MedicineRationale The endogenous cannabinoid (CB) system mediates a number of behaviors associated with drug-seeking and drug self-administration. In this study the effects of CB1 receptor manipulations on operant ethanol (EtOH) responding during EtOH-seeking, EtOH- relapse as well as on-going EtOH self-administration were determined. Methods Alcohol-preferring (P) rats were trained in 2-lever operant chambers to self-administer 15% EtOH (v/v) and water on a concurrent fixed-ratio 5 – fixed-ratio 1 (FR5-FR1) schedule of reinforcement in daily 1-hr sessions. After 10 weeks, rats underwent 7 extinction sessions, followed by 2 weeks in their home cages without access to EtOH or operant chambers. Rats were then returned to the operant chambers for testing of EtOH-seeking behavior (no EtOH present) for 4 sessions. After a week in their home cages following the EtOH-seeking test, rats were returned to the operant chambers with access to EtOH and water (relapse). Rats were then maintained in the operant chambers for daily 1-hr sessions with access to 15% EtOH and water for several weeks. Results The CB1 receptor antagonist (SR141716A), at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg, i.p. reduced EtOH-seeking and transiently reduced EtOH self-administration during relapse and maintenance. Conversely, treatment with the CB1 receptor agonist CP, 55-940, at doses of 1 and 10 μg/kg i.p., increased EtOH-seeking and EtOH self-administration during relapse. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that activation of CB1 receptors are involved in regulating EtOH-seeking as well as the reinforcing effects of EtOH under relapse and on-going self-administration conditions.Item Commonly cited incentives in the community implementation of the emergency maternal and newborn care study in western Kenya(Makerere Medical School, 2013) Gisore, P.; Rono, B.; Marete, I.; Nekesa-Mangeni, J.; Tenge, C.; Shipala, E.; Mabeya, H.; Odhiambo, D.; Otieno, K.; Bucher, S.; Makokha, C.; Liechty, E.; Esamai, F.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineBackground: Mortality of mothers and newborns is an important public health problem in low-income countries. In the rural setting, implementation of community based education and mobilization are strategies that have sought to reduce these mortalities. Frequently such approaches rely on volunteers within each community. Objective: To assess the perceptions of the community volunteers in rural Kenya as they implemented the EmONC program and to identify the incentives that could result in their sustained engagement in the project. Method: A community-based cross sectional survey was administered to all volunteers involved in the study. Data were collected using a self-administered supervision tool from all the 881 volunteers. Results: 881 surveys were completed. 769 respondents requested some form of incentive; 200 (26%) were for monetary allowance, 149 (19.4%) were for a bicycle to be used for transportation, 119 (15.5%) were for uniforms for identification, 88 (11.4%) were for provision of training materials, 81(10.5%) were for training in Home based Life Saving Skills (HBLSS), 57(7.4%) were for provision of first AID kits, and 39(5%) were for provision of training more facilitators, 36(4.7%) were for provision of free medication. Conclusion: Monetary allowances, improved transportation and some sort of identification are the main incentives cited by the respondents in this context.Item Compulsive alcohol drinking in rodents is associated with altered representations of behavioral control and seeking in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex(Springer, 2022-07-09) Timme, Nicholas M.; Ma, Baofeng; Linsenbardt, David; Cornwell , Ethan; Galbari, Taylor; Lapish, Christopher C.; Psychology, School of ScienceA key feature of compulsive alcohol drinking is continuing to drink despite negative consequences. To examine the changes in neural activity that underlie this behavior, compulsive alcohol drinking was assessed in a validated rodent model of heritable risk for excessive drinking (alcohol preferring (P) rats). Neural activity was measured in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC—a brain region involved in maladaptive decision-making) and assessed via change point analyses and novel principal component analyses. Neural population representations of specific decision-making variables were measured to determine how they were altered in animals that drink alcohol compulsively. Compulsive animals showed weakened representations of behavioral control signals, but strengthened representations of alcohol seeking-related signals. Finally, chemogenetic-based excitation of dmPFC prevented escalation of compulsive alcohol drinking. Collectively, these data indicate that compulsive alcohol drinking in rats is associated with alterations in dmPFC neural activity that underlie diminished behavioral control and enhanced seeking.Item Diagnostic criteria for apathy in neurocognitive disorders(Wiley, 2021) Miller, David S.; Robert, Philippe; Ereshefsky, Larry; Adler, Lawrence; Bateman, Daniel; Cummings, Jeff; DeKosky, Steven T.; Fischer, Corinne E.; Husain, Masud; Ismail, Zahinoor; Jaeger, Judith; Lerner, Alan J.; Li, Abby; Lyketsos, Constantine G.; Manera, Valeria; Mintzer, Jacobo; Moebius, Hans J.; Mortby, Moyra; Meulien, Didier; Pollentier, Stephane; Porsteinsson, Anton; Rasmussen, Jill; Rosenberg, Paul B.; Ruthirakuhan, Myuri T.; Sano, Mary; Zucchero Sarracini, Carla; Lanctôt, Krista L.; Psychiatry, School of MedicineIntroduction: Apathy is common in neurocognitive disorders (NCD) but NCD-specific diagnostic criteria are needed. Methods: The International Society for CNS Clinical Trials Methodology Apathy Work Group convened an expert group and sought input from academia, health-care, industry, and regulatory bodies. A modified Delphi methodology was followed, and included an extensive literature review, two surveys, and two meetings at international conferences, culminating in a consensus meeting in 2019. Results: The final criteria reached consensus with more than 80% agreement on all parts and included: limited to people with NCD; symptoms persistent or frequently recurrent over at least 4 weeks, a change from the patient's usual behavior, and including one of the following: diminished initiative, diminished interest, or diminished emotional expression/responsiveness; causing significant functional impairment and not exclusively explained by other etiologies. Discussion: These criteria provide a framework for defining apathy as a unique clinical construct in NCD for diagnosis and further research.Item The Difference Between Living and Dying: Victim Characteristics and Motive Among Nonfatal Shootings and Gun Homicides(Springer, 2017-12-01) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Magee, Lauren A.; School of Public and Environmental AffairsUsing both official and unofficial data sources, researchers examined nonfatal (n = 617) and fatal shooting (n = 159) victim characteristics over an 18-month period in Indianapolis. This research revealed that the typical shooting victim was male, non-White, almost 29 years old, had been arrested prior to inclusion in this study, and had been shot more than once. Interestingly, this research supports the notion that nonfatal shooting and homicide victims are different, especially as they relate to victim age, gunshot wound severity, and shooting motive. It highlights the need for better gun violence data collection beyond what currently exists. Striving for improved, more comprehensive cross-sector data collection has implications beyond just police policy and practice to include public health and prevention efforts.