Browsing by Subject "Emotion"

Now showing 1 - 10 of 18
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    Assessing Resident Well-Being After the ABSITE: A Bad Time to Ask?
    (Wolters Kluwer, 2022-09-28) Cheung, Elaine O.; Hu, Yue-Yung; Jones, Andrew; Ma, Meixi; Schlick, Cary Jo R.; Moskowitz, Judith T.; Agarwal, Gaurava; Bilimoria, Karl Y.; Surgery, School of Medicine
    Objectives: Assess the association of residents' exam performance and transient emotions with their reports of burnout, suicidality, and mistreatment. Background: An annual survey evaluating surgical resident well-being is administered following the American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE). One concern about administering a survey after the ABSITE is that stress from the exam may influence their responses. Methods: A survey was administered to all general surgery residents following the 2018 ABSITE assessing positive and negative emotions (scales range from 0 to 12), as well as burnout, suicidality over the past 12 months, and mistreatment (discrimination, sexual harassment verbal/emotional or physical abuse) in the past academic year. Multivariable hierarchical regressions assessed the associations of exam performance and emotions with burnout, suicidality, and mistreatment. Results: Residents from 262 programs provided complete responses (N = 6987, 93.6% response rate). Residents reported high mean positive emotion (M = 7.54, SD = 2.35) and low mean negative emotion (M = 5.33, SD = 2.43). While residents in the bottom ABSITE score quartile reported lower positive and higher negative emotion than residents in the top 2 and 3 quartiles, respectively (P < 0.005), exam performance was not associated with the reported likelihood of burnout, suicidality, or mistreatment. Conclusions: Residents' emotions after the ABSITE are largely positive. Although poor exam performance may be associated with lower positive and higher negative emotion, it does not seem to be associated with the likelihood of reporting burnout, suicidality, or mistreatment. After adjusting for exam performance and emotions, mistreatment remained independently associated with burnout and suicidality. These findings support existing evidence demonstrating that burnout and suicidality are stable constructs that are robust to transient stress and/or emotions.
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    Customers’ Perceived Experiential Value: Case of Social Commerce Context
    (2019-06) Lee, JungKook; Lee, Yong Ki
    Recently, variety of mobile devices and services are being spread based on a smartphones and SC (social commerce). In particular, the SC services play an important role in building consumer’s shopping experience as well as online shopping mall. Thus, this study examines the effect of perceived experiential value (utilitarian and hedonic value) on emotion, memory, and attitude and loyalty in SC context. In order to achieve these purposes, the author developed several hypotheses. The data was collected from 300 customers who have purchased the products or services in SC and it will be analyzed with SPSS and AMOS
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    Depressive Symptoms and Eating Behaviors: Do Atypical Symptoms Drive Associations with Food Attentional Bias, Emotional Eating, and External Eating?
    (2019-05) Shell, Aubrey L.; Stewart, Jesse C.; Hirsh, Adam T.; Cyders, Melissa A.; Guare, John C.
    Depression is an emerging risk factor for obesity; however, it is unclear whether certain depressive symptoms drive this relationship. Recent evidence suggests that atypical major depressive disorder (MDD) – whose key features include the reversed somatic-vegetative symptoms of hyperphagia (increased appetite) and hypersomnia (increased sleep) – is a stronger predictor of future obesity than other MDD subtypes. The present study sought to examine food attentional bias (increased attention to food cues), emotional eating (eating in response to negative emotions), and external eating (eating in response to external food cues) as candidate mechanisms of the depression-to-obesity relationship. This cross-sectional laboratory study hypothesized that total depressive symptom severity, hyperphagia severity, and hypersomnia severity would all be positively associated with measures of food attentional bias, emotional eating, and external eating. Data were collected from a sample of 95 undergraduate students. Depressive symptom severity was measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-20); two measures of food attentional bias were obtained from eye tracking with high calorie food images: direction bias and duration bias; and emotional eating and external eating were assessed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Simultaneous regression models (adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and subjective hunger) revealed total depressive symptom severity and hypersomnia severity were not associated with measures of food attentional bias, while hyperphagia severity was negatively associated with direction bias but not associated with duration bias for high and low calorie food images. Findings related to emotional and external eating are consistent with previous literature: total depressive symptom severity and hyperphagia severity were positively associated with both emotional eating and external eating, and the pattern of results suggests that hyperphagia may be driving relationships between depressive symptoms and these eating behaviors. Hypersomnia severity was not associated with emotional eating and external eating, suggesting this symptom does not play an important role in the relationships between depressive symptoms and these eating behaviors. Future studies should examine prospective associations of hyperphagia severity with food attentional bias, emotional eating, and external eating in larger, more representative samples.
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    Diagnostic criteria for apathy in neurocognitive disorders
    (Wiley, 2021) Miller, David S.; Robert, Philippe; Ereshefsky, Larry; Adler, Lawrence; Bateman, Daniel; Cummings, Jeff; DeKosky, Steven T.; Fischer, Corinne E.; Husain, Masud; Ismail, Zahinoor; Jaeger, Judith; Lerner, Alan J.; Li, Abby; Lyketsos, Constantine G.; Manera, Valeria; Mintzer, Jacobo; Moebius, Hans J.; Mortby, Moyra; Meulien, Didier; Pollentier, Stephane; Porsteinsson, Anton; Rasmussen, Jill; Rosenberg, Paul B.; Ruthirakuhan, Myuri T.; Sano, Mary; Zucchero Sarracini, Carla; Lanctôt, Krista L.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
    Introduction: Apathy is common in neurocognitive disorders (NCD) but NCD-specific diagnostic criteria are needed. Methods: The International Society for CNS Clinical Trials Methodology Apathy Work Group convened an expert group and sought input from academia, health-care, industry, and regulatory bodies. A modified Delphi methodology was followed, and included an extensive literature review, two surveys, and two meetings at international conferences, culminating in a consensus meeting in 2019. Results: The final criteria reached consensus with more than 80% agreement on all parts and included: limited to people with NCD; symptoms persistent or frequently recurrent over at least 4 weeks, a change from the patient's usual behavior, and including one of the following: diminished initiative, diminished interest, or diminished emotional expression/responsiveness; causing significant functional impairment and not exclusively explained by other etiologies. Discussion: These criteria provide a framework for defining apathy as a unique clinical construct in NCD for diagnosis and further research.
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    The effects of DAT1 genotype on fMRI activation in an emotional go/no-go task
    (Springer, 2017-02) Brown, Brenna K.; Murrell, Jill; Karne, Harish; Anand, Amit; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine
    Dopaminergic brain circuits participate in emotional processing and impulsivity. The dopamine transporter (DAT) modulates dopamine reuptake. A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) affects DAT expression. The influence of DAT1 genotype on neural activation during emotional processing and impulse inhibition has not been examined. Forty-two healthy subjects were classified as 9DAT (n = 17) or 10DAT (n = 25) based on DAT1 genotype (9DAT = 9R/9R and 9R/10R; 10DAT = 10R/10R). Subjects underwent fMRI during non-emotional and emotional go/no-go tasks. Subjects were instructed to inhibit responses to letters, happy faces, or sad faces in separate blocks. Accuracy and reaction time did not differ between groups. Within group results showed activation in regions previously implicated in emotional processing and response inhibition. Between groups results showed increased activation in 9DAT individuals during inhibition. During letter inhibition, 9DAT individuals exhibited greater activation in right inferior parietal regions. During sad inhibition, 9DAT Individuals exhibited greater activation in frontal, posterior cingulate, precuneus, right cerebellar, left paracentral, and right occipital brain regions. The interaction between DAT genotype and response type in sad versus letter stimuli showed increased activation in 9DAT individuals during sad no-go responses in the anterior cingulate cortex, extending into frontal-orbital regions. 9DAT individuals have greater activation than 10DAT individuals during neutral and sad inhibition, showing that genotypic variation influencing basal dopamine levels can alter the neural basis of emotional processing and response inhibition. This may indicate that 9R carriers exert more effort to overcome increased basal dopamine activation when inhibiting responses in emotional contexts.
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    How does emotionality affect memory in children with autism?
    (2014-08-26) Meints, Samantha Marie; McGrew, John H., 1953-; Cyders, Melissa A.; Johnson, Kathy E.; Grahame, Nicholas J.
    The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of emotionality on the memory of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Although emotional events enhance memory in adults and children without an autism spectrum disorder, there are different memory patterns among individuals on the autism spectrum. Specifically, individuals with autism may show a decreased advantage in memory for emotional content and may have deficits in memory for information that is not presented visually. Currently, however, there are no studies that look at how emotional content affects memory specifically in children with autism. In the current study, children with and without autism were presented with stimuli contrasting emotional and neutral content using one of two modalities, auditory and visual, and then completed memory recognition tasks for the stimuli. Results indicate that children with an autism spectrum disorder did not demonstrate enhanced memory for emotional information. Rather, they were equally able to remember emotional and neutral stimuli. Additionally, individuals on the spectrum demonstrated better memory for visual stimuli compared to their neurotypical peers. These results support the notion that individuals with an autism spectrum disorder may learn and remember material differently than those without the disorder and that educators need to acknowledge these differences as children with autism spectrum disorders continue to be integrated into classroom settings.
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    Human Emotion and the Uncanny Valley: A Glm, Mds, and Isomap Analysis of Robot Video Ratings
    Ho, Chin-Chang; MacDorman, Karl F.
    The eerie feeling attributed to human-looking robots and animated characters may be a key factor in our perceptual and cognitive discrimination between the human and the merely humanlike. This study applies factor analysis, correlation, the generalized linear model (GLM), multidimensional scaling (MDS), and kernel isometric mapping (ISOMAP) to analyze ratings of 27 emotions of 16 moving figures whose appearance varies along a human likeness continuum. The results indicate (1) Attributions of eerie and creepy better capture human visceral reaction to an uncanny robot than strange. (2) Eeriness and creepiness are mainly associated with fear but also shocked, disgusted, and nervous. Strange and humanlike are less strongly associated with emotion. (3) Thus, strange and humanlike may be more cognitive, while eerie and creepy are more perceptual and emotional. (4) Human and facial features increase ratings of human likeness. (5) Women are slightly more sensitive to eerie and creepy than men; and older people may be more willing to attribute human likeness to a robot despite its eeriness.
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    Investigating reactivity to incentive downshift as a correlated response to selection for high alcohol preference and a determinant of rash action and alcohol consumption
    (2014) Matson, Liana M.; Grahame, Nicholas J.; Czachowski, Cristine; Boehm, Stephen; Cyders, Melissa A.; Chester, Julia A.
    Losing a job or a significant other are examples of incentive shifts that result in negative emotional reactions. The occurrence of negative life events is associated with increased drinking, and alleviation of negative emotions has been cited as a drinking motive for individuals with problematic drinking patterns (Keyes et al., 2011; Adams et al., 2012). Further, there is evidence that certain genotypes drink alcohol in response to stressful negative life events (Blomeyer et al., 2008; Covault et al., 2007). It is possible that shared genetic factors contribute to both alcohol drinking and emotional reactivity, but there is a critical need for this relationship to be understood. The first aim of this proposal will use an incentive downshift paradigm to address whether emotional reactivity is elevated in mice predisposed to drink alcohol. The second aim of this proposal will address if reactivity to an incentive shift can result in rash action using a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task, and whether this response is also associated with a predisposition for high drinking. The third aim of this proposal will investigate if experimenter administered ethanol reduces contrast effects, and if an incentive shift increases ethanol consumption in a high drinking line. The overall goal of this proposal is to investigate whether reactivity to incentive shift is an important mechanism underlying alcohol drinking in these mice, and the role an incentive shift may play in producing rash action and influencing ethanol consumption.
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    Neural Modulation in Approach-Avoidance Conflicts in Externalizing Psychopathology
    (Springer, 2021) Lake, Allison J.; Finn, Peter R.; James, Thomas W.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
    Externalizing psychopathology (EXT) is characterized by poor decision-making in situations that involve simultaneous cues for approach and avoidance behavior (i.e. approach-avoidance conflicts). Previous studies of EXT have examined these deficits primarily using tasks involving decisions between positive reward and negative punishment, suggesting that EXT is characterized by a general bias towards high salience (e.g. temporally proximal or reward) cues relative to low salience (e.g. temporally distal or loss) cues. However, in order to better characterize decision-making in approach-avoidance conflicts, the present study utilized a novel task to examine neural activation in contexts involving both positive reward and negative punishment as well as positive punishment and negative reward by manipulating physical proximity of affective cues. Neuroimaging results indicated that EXT was associated with deficits related to cue prioritization based on salience, suggesting that failure to differentiate relevant from less relevant information contributes to poor decision-making among individuals with EXT.