Browsing by Subject "Accountability"
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Item A Carrot or a Stick: Enhancing Student Motivation through Accountability in Online and Face-to-Face Courses(2015-04-10) Hook, Sara Anne; Zhu, LiugenThis engaging presentation features a variety of innovative and practical teaching strategies that are intended to increase student accountability in online and face-to-face courses. Based on their assessment methods and drawing from the literature, the presenters demonstrate how student accountability has a direct impact on extrinsic and intrinsic student motivation that translates into improved student learning and academic success.Item Communication: United Nations Human Rights Committee(2005) Caparas, Perfecto "Boyet"Communication to United Nations Human Rights Committee re the violation by the Philippine government of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, pursuant to the committee's individual complaint mechanism. Filed on the occasion of International Human Rights Day on 10 December 2005, as a culmination of struggle by Filipino street children and child prisoners, who originally sued then Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo before the Ombudsman on 10 December 2003 for human rights violations stated in this communication to the UN Human Rights Committee. Identity and identifying information of the children prisoner petitioners had been deleted.Item Diversity-Valuing Behaviors as a Performance Asset instead of a Liability: The Role of DEI Accountability Mechanisms(2023-06) Washington, Darius M.; Stockdale, Margaret S.; Derricks, Veronica; Johnson, India R.Women and racial minorities are perceived negatively when they engage in diversity-valuing behaviors (i.e., behaviors that promote demographic balance), which increases negative perceptions of their competence and performance effectiveness in modern organizations. Although organizational attention to the topics of workplace equity and inclusion has increased, Black women continue to be excluded from leadership positions motivated by race and sex-based judgments of intellectual inferiority and leadership incongruity. Diversity management continues to be an important research domain to ensure the effective implementation of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) relevant strategies to reduce bias and discrimination. This work infuses accountability for DEI into a performance management system to address the backlash Black women receive for engaging in DEI-relevant behaviors. I used accountability for DEI as a relevant structure to test whether holding employees accountable for diversity-valuing behavior (i.e., promoting DEI goals) through competence mitigates negative performance evaluation and promotion rating of a Black woman. In the current study, MTurk participants (N = 280) with employment experience were surveyed about their evaluation of performance and promotion ratings. Participants were randomly assigned to receive information about dimensions of an employee’s annual evaluation, including “Diversity and Inclusion” (DEI accountability condition) or “Corporate Social Environmental Responsibility” (CSR; control condition). Dependent on participant condition, participants received more information about extra-role behaviors (i.e., diversity-valuing behavior vs. organizational citizenship behaviors) demonstrated by a Black woman. Results were not statistically significant but showed that participants reported more favorable performance evaluation and promotion ratings toward the fictitious employee in the DEI accountability condition who engaged in diversity-valuing behavior compared to the fictitious employee in the CSR (control condition) who engaged in diversity-valuing behavior. These results suggest that organizations that embed a framework for measuring and evaluating DEI efforts among all employees may reduce negative competence perceptions, which in turn, can help mitigate negative performance evaluations and increase promotion ratings among Black women.Item Ensuring Patient-Centered Access to Cardiovascular Disease Medicines in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries Through Health-System Strengthening(Elsevier, 2017) Tran, Dan N.; Njuguna, Benson; Mercer, Timothy; Manji, Imran; Fischer, Lydia; Lieberman, Marya; Pastakia, Sonak; Medicine, School of MedicineCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality and is expected to reach 23 million deaths by 2030. 80% of CVD deaths occur in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). Although CVD prevention and treatment guidelines are available, translating these into practice is hampered in LMICs by inadequate healthcare systems which limit access to lifesaving medications. In this review article, we describe the deficiencies in the current LMIC supply chains that limit access to effective CVD medicines, and discuss existing solutions that are translatable to similar settings in order to address these deficiencies.Item Examining the feedback environment and accountability in informal performance management systems(2013-03-06) Coulter-Kern, Paige E.; Williams, Jane R.; Ashburn-Nardo, Leslie; Boyd, Elizabeth; Grahame, Nicholas J.Improving performance management is a high priority for many organizations that want to improve the performance of their employees. Recently, researchers have focused on the social context to promote behavioral change, and have created new scales to examine context, such as the feedback environment. The current study examined internal and external accountability as mediators of the relationship between the feedback environment and developmental behaviors. Participants each completed three scales measuring the feedback environment, internal and external accountability, and developmental behaviors. Results suggested that internal and external accountability both mediate the relationship between the feedback environment and developmental behaviors, but neither is a stronger mediator than the other. In addition, internal and external accountability both mediate the relationship between each component of the feedback environment and developmental behaviors, but again neither is a stronger mediator than the other. This study contributed to the literature on performance management, and emphasized the importance of training supervisors to use the feedback environment to increase perceptions of accountability for employees.Item Mediating Accountability: How Nonprofit Funding Intermediaries Use Performance Measurement and Why It Matters for Governance(Taylor & Francis, 2010) Benjamin, Lehn M.Performance measurement has become an important tool for ensuring accountability in a governance environment, where addressing public problems often takes place outside the direct purview of government. Although a good deal of attention has been given to government’s use of performance measurement in these settings, either in contracting relationships or interorganizational networks, this paper argues that ensuring accountability in a governance environment requires greater attention to how nonstate actors, or the other principals, use performance measurement. This paper focuses on nonprofit funding intermediaries and their use of performance measurement. Nonprofit funding intermediaries gather funds from a range of public and private donors and regrant these monies to a defined set of local nonprofits. As such, they occupy somewhat unique positions in a web of actors all seeking to solve public problems. We offer a conceptual overview of intermediaries and then critically examine how three nonprofit funding intermediaries used performance measurement.Item No Smoking Guns Here: Residence Life Directors' Perspectives on Concealed Carry in On-Campus Living Communities(Association of College and University Housing Officers - International, 2018) Ward, LaWanda; Nguyen, David J.; Nguyễn, David Hòa Khoa; School of EducationThe role of student affairs educators is to ensure that students not only obtain an educational experience, but also that out-of-classroom experiences contribute to holistic development. In particular, student affairs professionals often coordinate residential living, student activities, and advising programs. These programmatic offerings need to account for the diversifying student body and respond to shifting political landscapes. Student affairs practitioners face daily dilemmas that require decisions grounded in multicultural competent critical thinking and acute awareness (Pope, Reynolds, & Mueller, 2004; Watt, 2015). An area engendering more attention is the role of concealed carry weapons on college campuses. The emergence of gun violence within college and university settings beginning in 2007 with the Virginia Tech shootings launched myriad discussions about prevention and accountability among campus leadership, concerned citizens, and state legislatures. Within student affairs, conversations about students' safety always have been a priority, so addressing gun violence on campus moved higher on the discussion list. [Discussion questions developed by Alyse Gray Parker.]Item Nonprofit Organizations and Outcome Measurement: From Tracking Program Activities to Focusing on Frontline Work(Sage, 2012) Benjamin, Lehn M.Why do we continue to see evidence that nonprofit staff feel like outcome measurement is missing important aspects of their work? Based on an analysis of over 1,000 pages of material in 10 outcome measurement guides and a focused literature review of frontline work in three types of nonprofit organizations, this article shows that existing outcome measurement frameworks focus on how staff implement programs rather than how staff work with clients. Outcome measurement guides direct nonprofits to track program activities completed and the outcomes resulting from those program activities. In contrast, the accounts of frontline work in nonprofits show that nonprofit staff start by building a relationship with the person they are serving and then adjusting programs and services to better meet the needs and goals of this individual. Consequently, outcome measurement may go some distance in helping us understand nonprofit performance but may also mischaracterize nonprofit performance.Item Tax Expenditures and Accountability: The Case of the Ambivalent Principals(Oxford University Press, 2018) Benjamin, Lehn M.; Posner, Paul L.Tax expenditures have become a widely used tool of government in the United States, with the fiscal impact now rivaling appropriations for discretionary spending. But tax expenditures raise important accountability dilemmas and tradeoffs for the nation. We show that, despite repeated recommendations by oversight agencies to address the significant shortfalls in performance associated with this tool, policymakers and public managers alike remain ambivalent about instituting stronger accountability provisions. Our analysis lends support to a more complicated image of principals emerging in the public management literature, one where principals do not always take action to hold their agents to account. The case of tax expenditures calls for greater attention in public management theory and research to the diverse roles that principals play in program implementation and accountability.Item The Potential of Outcome Measurement for Strengthening Nonprofits’ Accountability to Beneficiaries(Sage, 2013) Benjamin, Lehn M.This article considers one mechanism that could create a clearer accountability path between nonprofits and their beneficiaries: Outcome measurement. Outcome measurement focuses attention on a nonprofit’s beneficiaries and whether they are better off as a result of the nonprofit’s work. The article analyzed 10 outcome measurement guides targeted to nonprofits, totaling more than 1,000 pages of text. The analysis shows that the guides were neither uniform in the conceptualization of nonprofit beneficiaries nor in how they directed nonprofits to use outcome measurement with their beneficiaries. Despite scholars’ suggestion that a nonprofit’s relationship to their beneficiaries is a key accountability relationship, the guides suggest that beneficiaries have an ambiguous standing, relative to other stakeholders, in the nonprofit accountability environment.