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Marlene Walk
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Item Codes of Conduct: Ein Gütesiegel für die Legitimität von NGOs? Eine Untersuchung anhand der Diskurstheorie des Rechts von Jürgen Habermas(Rainer Hampp Verlag, 2008) König, Nina; Ojinnaka, Judith; Ritzenhoff, Carola; Walk, MarleneMany internationally active nongovernmental organizations face a legitimacy deficit as the distance to those concerned by their actions is growing. This article examines different approaches to solve this problem. The discourse theory of rights by Juergen Habermas serves as a red thread and discussion basis. It is according to the same theory that the suitability of the currently developing Codes of Con-duct of Nongovernmental Organizations as a solution to the problem is discussed. It is made clear that in spite of the Codes of Conducts´ great potential to provide legitimacy to Nongovernmental Organizations there are several shortcomings to be addressed.Item Expectations and Experiences of Young Nonprofit Employees: Toward a Typology(2011-07) Walk, MarleneNonprofit organizational performance depends heavily on the work experiences and job satisfaction of the employees. Pressures to be more competitive in a diverse market of social services and health care providers, however, often drift the organizational attention away from the workforce. This exploratory analysis focuses on employees who have been recruited to entry-‐level positions (jobs for university graduate students that require no or only little prior experience) in German Free Welfare Associations (FWAs). Through qualitative interviews with 28 employees, aged 23 to 35, their expectations, work experiences and consequent levels of job satisfaction have been studied and analyzed. Findings show that their initial expectations of working in FWAs often do not match the reality of the workplace. A typology of young employees is advanced that will enable FWAs to achieve a better fit between the employees’ personal needs and the organizational setting.Item Life Concepts of Business and Social Work Students – Influencing Factor for Sector Choice?(2012-07) Walk, MarleneItem Book Review: The Jossey-Bass Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management(SAGE, 2012-10-01) Walk, MarleneItem What do talents want? Work expectations in India, China, and Germany(Rainer Hampp Verlag, 2013) Walk, Marlene; Schinnenburg, Heike; Handy, FemidaInternational talent management becomes increasingly important, because companies compete on a global scale for qualified employees. Finding highly educated talent, however, is difficult, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. This research investigates the work expectations of Chinese (N=404), Indian (N=588), and German (N=257) students, the talent group from which companies hope to recruit their future workforce. Incorporating their specific expectations is essential; if these expectations are not met, decreases in job satisfaction, commitment, and performance are likely. Using factor analytic techniques, we develop a scale that reliably measures students' work expectations. A two-factor structure was established and generality was assessed across countries, age, gender, and study level. Findings show that students from all countries share more similarities than cultural differences might predict. Nevertheless the subtleties provide essential insights for international talent management and call for more targeted recruitment and retention strategies.Item Critical Juncture of Unification – Window of (missed) opportunity for the German Welfare State?(University of Duisburg-Essen, 2013) Walk, Marlene[Excerpt] This analysis focuses on the role of free welfare associations (FWAs) in the unification process, which was mainly characterized as an institution transfer from the west to the east. FWAs are a major force in the German nonprofit sector and the main provider of social services and health care in the country (Zimmer, 1999). Moreover, they play a special role in the German welfare state under the principle of subsidiarity. This principle allows them to act on behalf of the government in the provision of social services and health care (Zimmer, et al., 2004). Incorporating FWAs in the process of institution transfer after unification was essential for the German government, due to the valuable political knowledge of East Germany that the FWAs held (Angerhausen, Backhaus-Maul, Offe, Olk, & Schiebel, 1998). This paper draws on the concepts of path dependency, critical juncture, and window of opportunity (Hacker, 2002; Ebbinghaus, 2005; Marcussen et al., 1999) and analyzes to what extent the process of German unification was a successful or a missed opportunity for the unified welfare state, with particular consideration to the role of FWAs.Item Aiming at a data driven definition of volunteer types: The key to improved volunteer management practices(International Society for Third-Sector Research (ISTR), 2014) Walk, Marlene; Willems, JurgenDue to the huge heterogeneity of volunteering, generalizability of context specific findings from the literature regarding volunteer management practices is often limited. Furthermore, it seems that practitioner recommendations are consequently often too narrow or at times contrasting. To deal with this gap, we aim at a data driven approach to cluster volunteers into more homogeneous types, in order to enable (a) comparability of various volunteer contexts, and (b) differentiation of volunteer management strategies. Therefore, we apply an exploratory factor analysis, a cluster analysis and a canonical correlation analysis on a representative nationwide survey in Germany regarding volunteering behavior. Findings are however not robust and not suitable for further substantial interpretation, as the multivariate characteristics of the constructs probed for in the German Survey on Volunteering (GSV) are of limited quality (at least for our statistical analysis). Hence, we clarify the value of more elaborate questions in future large-scale data collection, and we discuss the remaining trade-off in the literature regarding generalizable but limited findings, versus more robust but context specific findings.Item Susan A. Ostrander, Citizenship and Governance in a Changing City(Springer, 2014-02) Walk, Marlene[Excerpt] Susan A. Ostrander’s book Citizenship and Governance in a Changing City is a valuable contribution to our understanding of the struggles newcomers face in the process of gaining full community membership. Ostrander, a professor at Tufts University, provides a fascinating community-level perspective on civic engagement, focusing specifically on the role of voluntary associations and their relationship to the civic and political life of Somerville, MA.Item Missing in Action: Strategic Human Resource Management in German Nonprofits(Springer, 2014-08) Walk, Marlene; Schinnenburg, Heike; Handy, FemidaHuman resource (HR) management is important for human service nonprofits because they rely on the quality of their employees for the provision of their services. Using a typology of nonprofit HR architecture developed by Ridder and McCandless (Nonprofit Volunt Sect Q 29(1):124-141, ), we attempt to unpack the black box between performance and HR practices. To this end, we conducted semi-structured interviews with HR managers and young employees to investigate their perceptions of HR practices in their nonprofit organizations. Based on the findings, we extend the research on HR management in nonprofit organizations and caution that success or failure of implementing HR practices may be directly influenced by the external environment. (English)Item Success factors and (unintended) consequences of inclusive education in the United States: Implications for the German context(Beltz Juventa, 2015) Walk, Marlene; Schinnenburg, HeikeAbstract (English) The United States has long been considered a pioneer in the integration of children with special education needs, since 95% of all children learn in general school settings, regardless of their dis-/abilities. This chapter identifies four (unintended) consequences of the movement towards inclusion for the US education sector: 1) a significant increase in the number of children diagnosed with special education needs and increases in public spending for special education, 2) tremendous growth of the teaching workforce, 3) blurring of professional identities of general and special education teachers, and 4) educational triage & teaching to the test. In the final section of the chapter, the authors draw connections between these consequences and the German case arguing that schools and the teaching professions may face similar challenges during the implementation of inclusive education. Abstract (deutsch) Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika werden seit Langem als Pionier im Bereich der Integration von Kindern mit sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf betrachtet, da 95% aller Kinder – ungeachtet ihrer Fähigkeiten – gemeinsam im Regelschulsystem lernen. Dieses Kapitel identifiziert vier (ungeplante) Konsequenzen der Entwicklung zur Inklusion im US-amerikanischen Bildungssystem: 1) Anstieg der Anzahl der Kinder mit diagnostiziertem sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf und Anstieg der öffentlichen Ausgaben für Sonderpädagogik, 2) enormes Wachstum der Lehrerprofession, 3) Verschwimmen der professionellen Identität der Regel-und Förderschullehrkräfte, 4) Bildungs-Selektierung und Unterrichten für standardisierte 2 Tests. Im letzten Abschnitt des Kapitels ziehen die Autoren Rückschlüsse aus diesen Konsequenzen für die Situation in Deutschland und die Entwicklung zu einem inklusiven Bildungssystem und weisen darauf hin, dass Schulen und Lehrkräfte dort vor ähnlichen Herausforderungen stehen wie in den USA.