Lea Bishop

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https://hdl.handle.net/1805/33027

Ending Childhood Book Hunger

Professor Lea Bishop is a dedicated scholar-advocate for promoting the human right to read. Her work encompasses both conceptual and pragmatic approaches to advancing this right. Conceptually, she has developed a comprehensive theory of the right to science and culture, which has gained recognition and adoption within the United Nations. By establishing the theoretical foundation, she has helped shape global discussions and policies surrounding the importance of access to knowledge and information.

Pragmatically, Professor Bishop has put forth a visionary proposal known as the "Ending Book Hunger by 2030" global plan. This ambitious initiative aims to eradicate the barriers that hinder individuals from accessing books and reading materials by the year 2030. By addressing issues such as unequal distribution, affordability, and accessibility, Professor Bishop's plan seeks to create a world where everyone has equal opportunities to satisfy their thirst for knowledge.

In addition to her conceptual and pragmatic endeavors, Professor Bishop has shown an innovative approach by exploring the impact of ChatGPT, an advanced language model, on the right to read. By investigating the potential benefits and challenges of AI technologies like ChatGPT in relation to literacy and access to information, she has shed light on the evolving landscape of reading rights and the transformative role of technology. Her research contributes to the ongoing conversation on how emerging technologies can be harnessed to empower individuals and expand access to educational resources globally.

Professor Bishop's work on increasing the global population's access to knowledge to create a more inclusive and literate world is another excellent example of how IUPUI's faculty members are TRANSLATING their RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE.

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 24

Defining and Measuring A2K: A Blueprint for an Index of Access to Knowledge
(I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 2008) Shaver, Lea
Access to knowledge (A2K) is increasingly recognized as the central human development issue of our time. Yet to date there has been little literature defining precisely what is meant by this term, much less how to evaluate the progress toward achieving it. To help bridge this gap, this article offers a blueprint for an A2K index: a quantitative tool integrating a variety of data points to assess how well countries promote access to knowledge. The proposed index tracks five key dimensions of access to knowledge: education for informational literacy, access to the global knowledge commons, access to knowledge goods, an enabling legal framework, and effective innovation systems. The resulting conceptual map offers a concrete introduction to the A2K framework for information scholars and professionals.
The Right to Science and Culture
(Wisconsin Law Review, 2010) Shaver, Lea
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: “Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.” This Article suggests how this text may offer a philosophical and legal basis to constrain the further expansion of protectionism in international IP law. Drawing on accepted methodologies of human rights interpretation and recent research from legal and economic scholars on the value of preserving the knowledge commons, the Article offers a theory of “the right to science and culture” as requiring a public goods approach to knowledge innovation and diffusion. The Article then translates this public goods theory into concrete guidance for policy makers seeking to implement human rights obligations, and for jurists asked to adjudicate rights-based challenges to copyright and patent laws. In conclusion, this Article suggests that reviving attention to this long-marginalized provision of international public law may provide an important rhetorical and legal tool with which to open up new possibilities for sensible IP reform.
The Right to Take Part in Cultural Life: On Copyright and Human Rights
(Wisconsin International Law Journal, 2010) Shaver, Lea; Sganga, Caterina
Article 15(1)(a) of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights--a source of binding law in 160 countries--recognizes “the right of everyone to take part in cultural life.” This article suggests how lawmakers and jurists might give meaning to this provision, with particular attention to issues arising in an age of digital culture. The authors conclude that the right to take part in cultural life should be understood in terms of the ability to access, enjoy, engage, and extend upon a common cultural inheritance and that realizing this right will require significant reforms in international intellectual property law.
Access to Knowledge in Brazil: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development
(Bloomsbury Academic, 2010) Shaver, Lea
Access to knowledge is a demand for democratic participation, for global inclusion and for economic justice. It is a reaction to the excessively restrictive international IP regime put in place over the last two decades, which seeks to reassert the public interest in a more balanced information policy. With sponsorship from the Ford Foundation, the Information Society Project at Yale Law School has embarked on a new series of access to knowledge research, in partnership with colleagues in Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Russia and South Africa. The first book in this series, Access to Knowledge in Brazil, focuses on current issues in intellectual property, innovation and development policy from a Brazilian perspective. Each chapter is authored by scholars from the Fundação Getulio Vargas law schools in São Paolo and Rio de Janeiro and examines a policy area that significantly impacts access to knowledge in the country. These include: exceptions and limitations to copyright, free software and open business models, patent reform and access to medicines, and open innovation in the biotechnology sector.
Access to Knowledge in Egypt: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development
(Bloomsbury Academic, 2010) Shaver, Lea; Rizk, Nagla
The conventional wisdom in Egypt examines the issue of intellectual property solely as a question of policing and enforcement. The high levels of protection indicated by the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights are unquestioningly assumed to be desirable. Policy debates - and all too often academic ones as well - focus only on the questions of how to more efficiently tighten IP protection and crack down on piracy. Yet a more critical examination is urgently needed, whereby IP law, policy, and practice are viewed from a development perspective, rather than from an enforcement perspective. This volume takes on this endeavor. It offers the first examination of IP issues in Egypt adopting a multidisciplinary bottom-up approach that aims at maximizing access and contribution to knowledge, and in turn, promoting development. Bringing rigorous empirical research to bear on unquestioned ideologies, the collaborating authors question the conventional wisdom that more IP protection is necessarily better for innovation and development.
The Inter-American Human Rights System: An Effective Institution for Regional Rights Protection?
(Washington University Global Studies Law Review, 2010) Shaver, Lea
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights are charged with protecting human rights in the Western Hemisphere. This article explains the workings of this regional human rights system, examining its history, composition, Junctions, jurisdiction, procedure, jurisprudence, and enforcement. The article also evaluates the system's historical and current effectiveness. Particular attention is given to the disconnect between the system's success with the region's Latin-American nations and its rejection by Anglo-American States, as well as to the potential to use the system to improve human rights in Cuba.
Access to Knowledge in India
(2011) Shaver, Lea
This essay is a preview of the author's upcoming book Access to Knowledge in India: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation, and Development, an edited volume which contains contributionsfrom various scholars on the access to knowledge alongside development and trade. While the essay seeks to bring together views and insights gleaned from various chapters of the book, the author simultaneously pushes forward her argument concerning the role that courts have to play in toning down excessive intellectual property protection using the language of human rights. In particula, the author argues that constitutional law has the poten tial tofurther socioeconomic rights which are affected by intellectual property protection. The author feels that Indian constitutional litigation has taken the right step in this direction and is a model for courts in other jurisdictions as well as for international norm-setting.
Access to Knowledge in India: New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development
(Bloomsbury Academic, 2011) Subramanian, Ramesh; Shaver, Lea
This is the third volume in our Access to Knowledge series. India is a $1 trillion economy which nevertheless struggles with a very high poverty rate and very low access to knowledge for almost seventy percent of its population which lives in rural areas. This volume features four parts on current issues facing intellectual property, development policy (especially rural development policy) and associated innovation, from the Indian perspective. Each chapter is authored by scholars taking an interdisciplinary approach and affiliated to Indian or American universities and Indian think-tanks. Each examines a policy area that significantly impacts access to knowledge. These include information and communications technology for development; the Indian digital divide; networking rural areas; copyright and comparative business models in music; free and open source software; patent reform and access to medicines; the role of the Indian government in promoting access to knowledge internationally and domestically.
Illuminating Innovation: From Patent Racing to Patent War
(Washington & Lee Law Review, 2012) Shaver, Lea
Patent law assumes that stronger protection promotes innovation, yet empirical evidence to test this “innovation hypothesis” is lacking. This Article argues that historical case studies hold unique promise to provide an empirical foundation for modern patent policy. Specifically, this Article uses the history of patents surrounding the light bulb to examine a recently articulated theory of “patent racing” as a justification for patent protection. Thomas Edison’s experience confirms that Mark Lemley’s racing model has substantial descriptive merit. Yet this case study also reveals the limits of the patent racing model. Looking past the initial finish line of patent filings to later litigation, the competition looks less like a race and more like a war. The Article then proposes a new model of “patent warfare” resembling the board game Risk. In the game, competing parties assemble strategic assets, then turn to battle their rivals for world domination. Similarly, innovative technology companies assemble patent portfolios—initially for defensive purposes in the context of a dynamic and competitive field. As an industry matures, however, dominant players convert their shields into weapons to eliminate their competition. Just as nineteenth-century companies in the early electrical industry battled to control the light bulb, a new patent war is now emerging to control the smartphone. This anticompetitive endgame diminished next-generation innovation in electric light and now threatens the future of innovation in mobile computing. A new appreciation of patent warfare should prompt increased skepticism of the “innovation assumption” at the heart of patent law. Patent protection clearly provides short-term benefits to innovation, but it also produces unanticipated longterm costs to competition and next-generation innovation. Further empirical research is needed to ascertain whether the benefits outweigh the costs or vice versa and what tweaks to the patent system might allow us to continue to capture the benefits while lowering the costs. In this continued effort, historical case studies will prove particularly helpful because they permit insight into the complex workings of patent law on an industry over a longer time horizon, revealing not only the short-term benefits but also the long-term costs.
Why are Generic Drugs Being Held Up in Transit? Intellectual Property Rights, International Trade, and the Right to Health in Brazil and Beyond
(2012) Steffen Guise Rosina, Monica; Shaver, Lea
Access to medicines faces a new legal threat: “border enforcement” of drug patents. Using Brazil as an example, this article shows how the right to health depends on international trade. Border seizures of generic drugs present human rights and trade institutions with a unique challenge. Can public health advocates rise to meet it?

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