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Item Case studies and evidence-based approaches to addressing urban soil lead contamination(Elsevier, 2017-08) Laidlaw, Mark A. S.; Filippelli, Gabriel M.; Brown, Sally; Paz-Ferreiro, Jorge; Reichman, Suzie M.; Netherway, Pacian; Truskewycz, Adam; Ball, Andrew S.; Mielke, Howard W.; Earth Science, School of ScienceUrban soils in many communities in the United States and internationally have been contaminated by lead (Pb) from past use of lead additives in gasoline, deterioration of exterior paint, emissions from Pb smelters and battery recycling and other industries. Exposure to Pb in soil and related dust is widespread in many inner city areas. Up to 20–40% of urban children in some neighborhoods have blood lead levels (BLLs) equal to or above 5 μg per decilitre, the reference level of health concern by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Given the widespread nature of Pb contamination in urban soils it has proven a challenge to reduce exposure. In order to prevent this exposure, an evidence-based approach is required to isolate or remediate the soils and prevent children and adult's ongoing exposure. To date, the majority of community soil Pb remediation efforts have been focused in mining towns or in discrete neighborhoods where Pb smelters have impacted communities. These efforts have usually entailed very expensive dig and dump soil Pb remediation techniques, funded by the point source polluters. Remediating widespread non-point source urban soil contamination using this approach is neither economical nor feasible from a practical standpoint. Despite the need to remediate/isolate urban soils in inner city areas, no deliberate, large scale, cost effective Pb remediation schemes have been implemented to isolate inner city soils impacted from sources other than mines and smelters. However, a city-wide natural experiment of flooding in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina demonstrated that declines in soil Pb resulted in major BLL reductions. Also a growing body of literature of smaller scale pilot studies and programs does exist regarding low cost efforts to isolate Pb contaminated urban soils. This paper reviews the literature regarding the effectiveness of soil Pb remediation for reducing Pb exposure and BLL in children, and suggests best practices for addressing the epidemics of low-level Pb poisoning occurring in many inner city areas.Item Synthesis of N-(3-(4-[11C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)−1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)−1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide as a new potential PET agent for imaging of IRAK4 enzyme in neuroinflammation(Elsevier, 2018-02) Wang, Xiaohong; Xu, Wenzhi; Miao, Caihong; Dong, Fugui; Li, Wei; Wang, Min; Gao, Mingzhang; Zheng, Qi-Huang; Xu, Zhidong; Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineThe reference standard N-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)−1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)−1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (9) and its demethylated precursor N-(1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)−3-(piperazin-1-yl)−1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (8) were synthesized from pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylic acid and ethyl 2-cyanoacetate with overall chemical yield 13% in nine steps and 14% in eight steps, respectively. The target tracer N-(3-(4-[11C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)−1-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)−1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide ([11C]9) was prepared from its precursor with [11C]CH3OTf through N-[11C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 50–60% radiochemical yield, based on [11C]CO2 and decay corrected to EOB. The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity at EOB was 370–1110 GBq/μmol.Item Making Smart and Sustainable Infrastructure Projects Viable: Private Choices, Public Support, and Systems Constraints(Cogitato Press, 2017-09-08) Noonan, Douglas S.; Zhou, Shan; Kirkman, Robert; School of Public and Environmental AffairsSustainable cities will require major infrastructure investments coupled with widespread behavioral change. Examples of smart, green technologies abound, but evidence for actual use lags. This partly owes to the tension between public support and private choices: individuals thinking as members of the public may see solutions as smart for the city, but thinking of their private interests may see those same solutions as not smart for themselves. This also owes to the disconnect between private and public choices, on the one hand, and the workings of complex systems, on the other. Even if public and private interests align, existing built environment systems may resist change. This article examines public perception and use of the Atlanta BeltLine, a pioneering sustainability initiative to transform the auto-dependent city into a greener, denser city. Analyzing a general public survey reveals widespread support for the BeltLine alongside reticence from residents to change their commute or greenspace use. The findings also show that drivers of public support and prospective use of the BeltLine differ. Public support may be insufficient if individual use decisions do not follow. Yet, private adoption decisions may not follow until and unless the systems in which they are embedded are already changing.Item Object Detection from a Vehicle Using Deep Learning Network and Future Integration with Multi-Sensor Fusion Algorithm(SAE, 2017-03) Dheekonda, Raja Sekhar Rao; Panda, Sampad K.; Khan, Nazmuzzaman; Al-Hasan, Mohammad; Anwar, Sohel; Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyAccuracy in detecting a moving object is critical to autonomous driving or advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). By including the object classification from multiple sensor detections, the model of the object or environment can be identified more accurately. The critical parameters involved in improving the accuracy are the size and the speed of the moving object. All sensor data are to be used in defining a composite object representation so that it could be used for the class information in the core object’s description. This composite data can then be used by a deep learning network for complete perception fusion in order to solve the detection and tracking of moving objects problem. Camera image data from subsequent frames along the time axis in conjunction with the speed and size of the object will further contribute in developing better recognition algorithms. In this paper, we present preliminary results using only camera images for detecting various objects using deep learning network, as a first step toward multi-sensor fusion algorithm development. The simulation experiments based on camera images show encouraging results where the proposed deep learning network based detection algorithm was able to detect various objects with certain degree of confidence. A laboratory experimental setup is being commissioned where three different types of sensors, a digital camera with 8 megapixel resolution, a LIDAR with 40m range, and ultrasonic distance transducer sensors will be used for multi-sensor fusion to identify the object in real-time.Item Model-Based Adaptive Fault Diagnosis in Lithium Ion Batteries: A Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Approaches(SAE, 2017) Sidhu, Amardeep; Izadian, Afshin; Anwar, Sohel; Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyIn this paper, multiple-model adaptive estimation techniques have been successfully applied to fault detection and identification in lithium-ion batteries. The diagnostic performance of a battery depends greatly on the modeling technique used in representing the system and the associated faults under investigation. Here, both linear and non-linear battery modeling techniques are evaluated and the effects of battery model and noise estimation on the over-charge and over-discharge fault diagnosis performance are studied. Based on the experimental data obtained under the same fault scenarios for a single cell, the non-linear model based detection method is found to perform much better in accurately detecting the faults in real time when compared to those using linear model based method.Item ‘I just don’t ever use that word’: investigating stakeholders’ understanding of heritage(Taylor & Francis, 2017) Kryder-Reid, Elizabeth; Foutz, Jeremy W.; Wood, Elizabeth; Zimmerman, Larry J.; Anthropology, School of Liberal ArtsUnderstanding the value of heritage sites for diverse stakeholders requires both paying attention to the fields of power in which the sites operate and applying methodologies that are open to user-defined paradigms of value. In the U.S., official discourse often frames the value of heritage sites associated the deep Native American past as archaeological sites, an interpretation that is consistent with settler colonial ideologies. This narrative generally obfuscates connections between the heritage of the sites and contemporary peoples, and it effaces the history of colonialism and dispossession. A study of stakeholder-defined heritage at two contested sites in the central Midwest revealed both congruencies and conflicts among diverse constituencies’ articulations of the sites’ value. At Mounds State Park a proposed dam and reservoir ‘Mounds Lake’ project would inundate a large portion of the site. At Strawtown Koteewi, Native American tribes have made repatriation claims under the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA).The study also problematised the term ‘cultural heritage’ as it is understood and used by the different constituencies, particularly for culturally and historically affiliated Native Americans. It also highlighted the positions of the constituencies within the broader fields of power implicated in these contested sites.Item Electrochemical Model-Based Condition Monitoring via Experimentally Identified Li-Ion Battery Model and HPPC(MDPI, 2017-08-25) Rahman, Md Ashiqur; Anwar, Sohel; Izadian, Afshin; Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyElectrochemical model-based condition monitoring of a Li-Ion battery using an experimentally identified battery model and Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) cycle is presented in this paper. LiCoO2 cathode chemistry was chosen in this work due to its higher energy storage capabilities. Battery electrochemical model parameters are subject to change under severe or abusive operating conditions resulting in, for example, Navy over-discharged battery, 24 h over-discharged battery, and overcharged battery. Stated battery fault conditions can cause significant variations in a number of electrochemical battery model parameters from nominal values, and can be considered as separate models. Output error injection based partial differential algebraic equation (PDAE) observers have been used to generate the residual voltage signals in order to identify these abusive conditions. These residuals are then used in a Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation (MMAE) algorithm to detect the ongoing fault conditions of the battery. HPPC cycle simulated load profile based analysis shows that the proposed algorithm can detect and identify the stated fault conditions accurately using measured input current and terminal output voltage. The proposed model-based fault diagnosis can potentially improve the condition monitoring performance of a battery management system.Item Synthesis of carbon-11-labeled 5-HT6R antagonists as new candidate PET radioligands for imaging of Alzheimer’s disease(Elsevier, 2018) Wang, Xiaohong; Dong, Fugui; Miao, Caihong; Li, Wei; Wang, Min; Gao, Mingzhang; Zheng, Qi-Huang; Xu, Zhidong; Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineCarbon-11-labeled serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 6 receptor (5-HT6R) antagonists, 1-[(2-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-[11C]methoxy-3-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1H-indole (O-[11C]2a) and 1-[(2-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]-5-methoxy-3-[(4-[11C]methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1H-indole (N-[11C]2a), 5-[11C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (O-[11C]2b) and 5-methoxy-3-((4-[11C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (N-[11C]2b), 1-((4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl)-5-[11C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (O-[11C]2c) and 1-((4-isopropylphenyl)sulfonyl)-5-methoxy-3-((4-[11C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (N-[11C]2c), 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-5-[11C]methoxy-3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (O-[11C]2d) and 1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-5-methoxy-3-((4-[11C]methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-indole (N-[11C]2d), were prepared from their O- or N-desmethylated precursors with [11C]CH3OTf through O- or N-[11C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 40–50% radiochemical yield, based on [11C]CO2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the molar activity (MA) at EOB was 370–740 GBq/μmol with a total synthesis time of ∼40-min from EOB.Item A Grand Challenge for HCI: Food + Sustainability(ACM, 2017-11) Norton, Juliet; Raturi, Ankita; Nardi, Bonnie; Prost, Sebastian; McDonald, Samantha; Pargman, Daniel; Bates, Oliver; Normark, Maria; Tomlinson, Bill; Herbig, Nico; Dombrowski, Lynn; Human-Centered Computing, School of Informatics and ComputingItem Synthesis of carbon-11-labeled CK1 inhibitors as new potential PET radiotracers for imaging of Alzheimer’s disease(Elsevier, 2018-07) Gao, Mingzhang; Wang, Min; Zheng, Qi-Huang; Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineThe reference standards methyl 3-((2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)carbamoyl)benzoate (5a) and N-(2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)-3-methoxybenzamide (5c), and their corresponding desmethylated precursors 3-((2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)carbamoyl)benzoic acid (6a) and N-(2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)-3-hydroxybenzamide (6b), were synthesized from 5-amino-2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole and 3-substituted benzoic acids in 5 and 6 steps with 33% and 11%, 30% and 7% overall chemical yield, respectively. Carbon-11-labeled casein kinase 1 (CK1) inhibitors, [11C]methyl 3-((2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)carbamoyl)benzoate ([11C]5a) and N-(2,2-difluoro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d]imidazol-6-yl)-3-[11C]methoxybenzamide ([11C]5c), were prepared from their O-desmethylated precursor 6a or 6b with [11C]CH3OTf through O-[11C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 40–45% radiochemical yield, based on [11C]CO2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the molar activity (MA) at EOB was 370–740 GBq/μmol with a total synthesis time of ∼40-min from EOB.