IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Author "Ottensmann, John R."

Browsing by Author "Ottensmann, John R."

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Availability of Supermarkets in Marion County
(2010-07-20T15:32:53Z) Heintzelman, Asrah; Banerjee, Aniruddha; Wilson, Jeffrey S. (Jeffrey Scott), 1967-; Ottensmann, John R.
Concern over significant increase in obesity has prompted interdisciplinary research to address the physical food environment in various regions. Empirical studies analyze units of geography independently of each other in studying the impact of the built environment in the health of a region. However, we know that geographical spaces have neighbors and these adjacent areas should be considered in analytical analysis that attempt to determine the effects present. This research incorporates the first neighbor influences by developing a refined hierarchical regression model that takes spatial autocorrelation and associated problems into account, based on Relative Risk of corporate supermarkets, to identify clustering of corporate supermarkets in Marion County. Using block groups as the unit of analysis, 3 models are run respectively incorporating population effect, environment effect, and interaction effects: interaction between population and environmental variables.Lastly, based on network distance to corporate supermarkets as a cost matrix, this work provides a solution to increase supermarkets in an optimal way and reduce access issues associated with these facilities. Ten new sites are identified where policy should be directed towards subsidizing entry of corporate supermarkets. These new sites are over and above the existing block groups that house corporate supermarkets. This solution is implemented using TransCAD™
Density of Development in Newly Urbanized Areas Over Time
(Elsevier, 2021-01-01) Ottensmann, John R.; School of Public and Environmental Affairs
Initial significant development at the urban fringe is only the beginning of a period of development that continues for at least several decades. Two hypotheses are posited: The density of development in newly urbanized areas will increase over time, and the increase will be greater in urban areas that are growing more rapidly. The percent of housing in newly urbanized areas that is more dense — single-family attached and multifamily housing — is used as the measure of density. Percent more dense housing and its change were examined for the decades after urbanization in the areas newly urbanized from 1960 to 2010 for 59 large urban areas in the United States. Densities increased significantly in the 2 decades after those areas became urban and the increases were greater in faster growing urban areas.
The Effect of Foreclosures on Crime in Indianapolis, 2003-2008
(2012-09) Stucky, Thomas D.; Ottensmann, John R.; Payton, Seth B.
Objective Until recently, few studies have examined the relationship between home foreclosures and crime. Foreclosures are one major source of neighborhood instability and can be expected to affect crime from several theoretical perspectives. Some recent research has found conflicting results on whether foreclosures cause crime. Method This study examines whether foreclosures are a robust predictor of crime and whether the effect of foreclosures on crime varies across neighborhood contexts. We estimate fixed-effects negative binomial models using geocoded Indianapolis foreclosure and crime data for 2003–2008 to predict crime counts in 1,000 feet × 1,000 feet square grid cells. Result Foreclosures exhibit consistent positive effects on indices of overall, property, and violent UCR-reported (where UCR is Uniform Crime Report) offenses in a cell and rape, aggravated assault, and burglary counts. In addition, foreclosures had greater effects on reported UCR crimes in stable neighborhoods, especially those with more owner-occupied homes. Conclusion Foreclosures were a robust predictor of crime in the current study.
Employment Density Does Not Decline as a Negative Exponential Function of Distance from the Center
(Elsevier, 2022-07-01) Ottensmann, John R.; School of Public and Environmental Affairs
The negative exponential model has been used to describe the distribution of employment in urban areas without systematic evidence that employment density does decline as a negative exponential function of distance from the center. Census tract data for employment in 43 large urban areas in 2010 from the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics program are used to explore this question. Traditional linear estimation of the log-transformed model is rejected, and nonlinear regression is used to estimate the model. The initial regressions produced parameter estimates that were unreasonably large for many areas. The problem was found to be high-density tracts near but not at the center. An ad hoc procedure was employed in which distance to the center was set to zero for tracts identified as being part of the central business district (CBD). This produced parameter estimates that were more reasonable, though the fit seemed better for the higher density tracts closer to the center than the larger number of more distant, lower density tracts. The model was then estimated using only those tracts outside of the CBDs. Parameter estimates were completely different from and inconsistent with the estimates made using all tracts. The conclusion is that employment density does not decline as a negative exponential function of distance from the center.
Exploring the Utility of High Resolution Imagery for Determining Wetland Signatures
(2012-07-03) DeLury, Judith Ann; Wilson, Jeffrey S. (Jeffrey Scott), 1967-; Ottensmann, John R.; Tedesco, Lenore P.
Wetland habitats are characterized by periodic inundation and saturation by water creating anaerobic conditions that generate hydric soils and support hydrophytic vegetation. Wetland habitats provide important ecological functions including breeding grounds for fish, other wildlife, water purification, reduction in flooding, species diversity, recreation, food production, aesthetic value, and transformation of nutrients (Tiner, 1999). The multiple benefits of wetlands make them an important resource to monitor. A literature review suggests a combination of geospatial variables and methods should be tested for appropriateness in wetland delineation within local settings. Advancements in geospatial data technology and ease of accessing new, higher resolution geospatial data make study at local levels easier and more feasible (Barrette et al, 2000). The purpose of the current study is to evaluate new sources of geospatial data as potential variables to improve wetland identification and delineation. High resolution multispectral digital imagery, topographic data, and soils information are used to derive and evaluate independent variables. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data.
Exploring Urban Density
(Elsevier, 2021-07-01) Ottensmann, John R.; School of Public and Environmental Affairs
Density in urban areas is not a simple concept. It can be defined in a variety of ways. This paper presents alternative measures of urban density and compares how they perform across a set of 59 large urban areas in the United States in 2010. Population and housing unit densities show similar patterns, though with differences for some areas with extreme population-housing unit ratios. The housing unit densities do perform better in the estimation of the negative exponential model of density decline. The conventional measure of total population divided by the total land area of an urban area differs from various measures of the density of residential areas. The absence of data precludes the calculation of residential densities for large numbers of urban areas, but using block data and excluding blocks that are completely or largely nonresidential makes possible alternative measures coming closer to residential density. When used to estimate the negative exponential model, these measures produce higher estimates of the parameters and a significantly greater goodness-of-fit. Weighted density calculated as the mean of the densities of small areas weighted by their population is another, completely different measure. These are higher than convention densities, with the differences being larger for those urban areas with greater internal variation in density, such as areas with high density cores and low density peripheries.
The Implicit Price of Urban Public Parks and Greenways: A Spatial-Contextual Approach
(2014) Payton, Seth B.; Ottensmann, John R.
This paper examines the value residents place on public parks in a mid-sized urban area. The analysis makes a direct contribution to the literature by examining the extent to which spatial and neighborhood context is related to the house price premium or discount associated with public recreational opportunities, natural resource areas, and urban greenways. The analysis shows that the value of public parks and greenways varies across space, neighborhood context, and park type. Community area fixed-effects are included to bolster the findings. The findings indicate that park and greenway investment should be planned and managed contextually in urban areas. Park planners can use these findings to inform public policy debates over park investment and, perhaps, support efforts focused on comprehensive neighborhood planning.
Intra and Inter-Neighborhood Income Inequality and Crime
(2015-01) Stucky, Thomas D.; Payton, Seth B.; Ottensmann, John R.
One important factor in many macro-level theories of crime is income inequality. Although research generally shows that low levels of neighborhood income are associated with crime, research studies have been less clear on whether income inequality is a robust, independent predictor of crime, particularly in small area studies, and few studies have explicitly considered income inequality between neighborhoods, and those that do typically focus on homicide. The current study examines whether within and between neighborhood income inequality is associated with variation in violent and property crime. We employ geocoded Uniform Crime Report data from the Indianapolis police department and economic and demographic characteristics of the population from the American Community Survey for 2005–2009. Consistent with prior research, lower levels of income were associated with higher violent and property crime counts. Within-tract income inequality was also associated with higher Uniform Crime Reports violent and property crimes in most models. Results also showed that the ratio of tract income levels to neighboring tracts is associated with variation in crime. Thus, both local and nearby income inequality affect crime. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
Land Use And Violent Crime
(2009-11) Stucky, Thomas D.; Ottensmann, John R.
Although research has shown specific land uses to be related to crime, systematic investigation of land uses and violent crime has been less common. This study systematically examines links between land uses and violent crime and assesses whether such links are conditioned by socioeconomic disadvantage. We employ geocoded Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data from the Indianapolis police department and information on 30 categories of land use and demographic information from the 2000 U.S. Census. We use land use variables to predict violent crime counts in 1,000 × 1,000-feet grid cells using negative binomial regression models. Results indicate that, net of other variables, specific land uses predict variation in counts for individual violent crimes and aggregate rates. Some nonresidential land uses are associated with higher violent crime counts, whereas others are associated with lower counts. Specific land uses also condition the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on violent crime. The implications for routine activity/opportunity and social disorganization/collective efficacy theories of crime are discussed.
The Link Between Smart Growth in Urban Development and Climate Change
(2013-01-22) Mathew, Brenda A.; McCormick, John, 1954-; Bandele, Ramla M., 1949-; Ottensmann, John R.

Browsing by Author "Ottensmann, John R."

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