IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Author "Joglekar, Yogesh"

Browsing by Author "Joglekar, Yogesh"

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CAN WE MAKE AN AXON FROM SEMICONDUCTOR MEMRISTORS?
(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2013-04-05) Mirza, Qurat-ul-Ann; Joglekar, Yogesh
Memristor, a short for memory resistor, is the fourth fundamental circuit element whose instantaneous resistance depends not only on the voltage, but also on the history of the voltage applied to it. This recently discovered titanium dioxide thin film device has characteristics that are analogous to voltage-gated ion channels in biological membranes. In 1952, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley (HH) introduced an electrical circuit model that described the behavior of a neuron membrane. The electrical circuit consists of a capacitor which is due to phospholipid bilayer, three resistors that represent each ionic channel, and batteries that drive the ionic currents. The purpose of our research was to investigate the characteristics that are shared by both the biological membranes and the memristors. We introduce a minimal Hodgkin-Huxley model for DC applied stimulus in which the leakage channel, membrane capacitance, and potassium equilibrium voltage are absent. We conclude that spiking requires sodium and potassium channels in Hodgkin-Huxley model and, therefore, we predict that two or more distinct memristor species are necessary to mimic the electrical response of a neuron.
Characterization and Measurement of Hybrid Gas Journal Bearings
(2012-08-28) Lawrence, Tom Marquis; Kemple, Marvin D.; Decca, Ricardo; Joglekar, Yogesh; Petrache, Horia; Akay, Hassan; Krousgrill, Charles Morton
This thesis concentrates on the study of hybrid gas journal bearings (bearings with externally pressurized mass addition). It differs from most work in that it goes back to “basics” to explore the hydrodynamic phenomena in the bearing gap. The thesis compares geometrically identical bearings with 2 configurations of external pressurization, porous liners where mass-addition compensation is varied by varying the liner’s permeability, and bushings with 2 rows of 6 feedholes where the mass-addition compensation is varied by the feedhole diameter. Experimentally, prototype bearings with mass-addition compensation that spans 2 orders of magnitude with differing clearances are built and their aerostatic properties and mass addition characteristics are thoroughly tested. The fundamental equations for compressible, laminar, Poiseuille flow are used to suggest how the mass flow “compensation” should be mathematically modeled. This is back-checked against the experimental mass flow measurements and is used to determine a mass-addition compensation parameter (called Kmeas) for each prototype bushing. In so doing, the methodology of modeling and measuring the mass addition in a hybrid gas bearing is re-examined and an innovative, practical, and simple method is found that makes it possible to make an “apples-to-apples” comparison between different configurations of external pressurization. This mass addition model is used in conjunction with the Reynolds equation to perform theory-based numerical analysis of virtual hybrid gas journal bearings (CFD experiments). The first CFD experiments performed use virtual bearings modeled to be identical to the experimental prototypes and replicate the experimental work. The results are compared and the CFD model is validated. The ontological significance of appropriate dimensionless similitude parameters is re-examined and a, previously lacking, complete set of similitude factors is found for hybrid bearings. A new practical method is developed to study in unprecedented detail the aerostatic component of the hybrid bearings. It is used to definitively compare the feedhole bearings to the porous liner bearings. The hydrostatic bearing efficiency (HBE) is defined and it is determined that the maximum achievable hydrostatic bearing efficiency (MAHBE) is determined solely by the bearing’s mass addition configuration. The MAHBE of the porous liner bearings is determined to be over 5 times that of the feedhole bearings. The method also presents a means to tune the Kmeas to the clearance to achieve the MAHBE as well as giving a complete mapping of the hitherto misunderstood complex shapes of aerostatic load versus radial deflection curves. This method also rediscovers the obscure phenomenon of static instability which is called in this thesis the “near surface effect” and appears to be the first work to present a practical method to predict the range of static instability and quantify its resultant stiffness fall-off. It determines that porous liner type bearings are not subject to the phenomenon which appears for feedhole type bearings when the clearance exceeds a critical value relative to its mass-addition compensation. The standing pressure waves of hydrostatic and hybrid bearings with the 2 configurations of external pressurization as well as a geometrically identical hydrodynamic bearing are studied in detail under the methodology of the “CFD microscope”. This method is used to characterize and identify the development, growth, and movement of the pressure wave extrema with increased hydrodynamic action (either increasing speed or increasing eccentricity). This method is also used to determine the “cause” of the “near surface effect”. A gedanken experiment is performed based on these results which indicates that a bearing with a “stronger aerostatic strength” component should be more stable than one with a low aerostatic strength component. Numerical instability “speed limits” are found that are also related to the hydrostatic strength of the bearing. The local conditions in the standing waves are characterized in terms of their local Mach number, Knudsen number, Reynolds number, and Taylor Number. It is concluded that low eccentricity bearing whirl can be attributed to the off load-line orientation of the bearing load force caused by the overlay of the hydrodynamic bearing standing wave onto the hydrostatic bearing wave of the hybrid bearing, whereas it is hypothesized that aperiodic and random self-excited vibration which occurs at high eccentricity, as reported in the literature, is probably due to shock waves, turbulence, near surface effect, and slip at local areas of the standing wave.
Exceptional Points and their Consequences in Open, Minimal Quantum Systems
(2022-08) Muldoon, Jacob E.; Joglekar, Yogesh; Decca, Ricardo; Cheng, Rui; Vemuri, Gautam; Cincio, Lukasz
Open quantum systems have become a rapidly developing sector for research. Such systems present novel physical phenomena, such as topological chirality, enhanced sensitivity, and unidirectional invisibility resulting from both their non-equilibrium dynamics and the presence of exceptional points. We begin by introducing the core features of open systems governed by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, providing the PT -dimer as an illustrative example. Proceeding, we introduce the Lindblad master equation which provides a working description of decoherence in quantum systems, and investigate its properties through the Decohering Dimer and periodic potentials. We then detail our preferred experimental apparatus governed by the Lindbladian. Finally, we introduce the Liouvillian, its relation to non-Hermitian Hamiltonians and Lindbladians, and through it investigate multiple properties of open quantum systems.
Exceptional points in anti-PT symmetric system of delay coupled semiconductor lasers
(SPIE, 2021-08) Vemuri, Gautam; Wilkey, Andrew; Joglekar, Yogesh; Physics, School of Science
This paper will report on some features of a platform for the realization of an anti parity-time (anti-PT) symmetric system in a pair of time-delay coupled semiconductor lasers, with special emphasis on the delay induced dynamics in the system. The system is modeled by a modified Lang-Kobayashi rate equations model, augmented to include delayed coupling. The role of a phase accumulation factor that arises from the delayed coupling is elucidated. Finally, the novel exceptional point(s) behavior that is characteristic of the time-delay is investigated via numerics as well as analytically via the Lambert W function.
HODGKIN-HUXLEY MODEL FOR ACTION POTENTIAL: MEMRISTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2012-04-13) Mirza, Qurat-ul-Ann; Joglekar, Yogesh
Memristor, a short for memory resistor, is the fourth ideal circuit element whose value varies as a function of charge that has passed through the de-vice. Voltage-gated ion channels in biological membranes share this charac-teristic of a memristor. In 1952, Hodgkin and Huxley (H-H) developed an electrical circuit model (HH model) to describe the time-dependent action potentials mediated by voltage-gated ion channels. We investigate the de-pendence of the action potential, including the onset of repeated spiking, on the applied current I, sodium and potassium channel conductance, and the membrane capacitance. We use a MATLAB code with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to solve the HH equations. Our results suggest that the memristive characteristics of the ion channels can be tuned over a wide range of parameters.
Induced magnetoelectric coupling at a ferroelectric-ferromagnetic interface
(2013-11-08) Carvell, Jeffrey David; Ruihua, Cheng; Joglekar, Yogesh; Decca, Ricardo; Petrache, Horia; Hu, Jiangping
Preparation and characterization of multiferroic materials in which ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism coexist would be a milestone for functionalized materials and devices. First, electric properties of polyvinylidene (PVDF) films fabricated using the Langmuir-Schaefer method have been studied. Films of different thickness were deposited on silicon substrates and analyzed using several techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed that PVDF films crystallize at an annealing temperature above 130 °C. Polarization versus electric field (PE) ferroelectric measurements were done for samples prepared with electrodes. PE measurements show that the coercivity of the films increases as the maximum applied electric field increases. The coercivity dependence on the frequency of the applied electric field can be fitted as . The results also show that the coercivity decreases with increasing the thickness of PVDF film due to the pinning effect. Next, we have demonstrated that those PVDF properties can be controlled by applying an external magnetic field. Samples were created in a layered heterostructure, starting with a Fe thin film, PVDF above that, and followed by another thin film of Fe. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy was used to study the interface between PVDF polymer films and ferromagnetic iron thin films. Conventional EXAFS was applied to identify the structure of a Fe film sandwiched between two PVDF layers. An electric signal was then applied to the polymer to study the effects polarizing the polymer has on the Fe atoms at the interface. This shows that the Fe atoms diffuse into the PVDF layer at the interface between the two layers. Polarizing the film causes further diffusion of Fe atoms into the polymer. We also found that as the applied magnetic field is changed, the switching of electric polarization for the PVDF displayed a dependence on the external magnetic field. We also noticed that both the coercivity and polarization for the PVDF polymer display hysteretic features as the applied magnetic field is changed. We also found that the thickness of both the iron layers and the PVDF layer has an effect on the magnetoelectric coupling in our samples. The same strain applied to a thicker PVDF layer becomes tougher to flip the polarization compared to a thinner PVDF layer. As the iron film thickness increases, the strain also increases, and the polarization of the PVDF polymer is more easily flipped. We also found that the magnetoelectric sensitivity increases as both the PVDF and iron layers increase in thickness. We have shown that it is possible to control the ferroelectric properties of a PVDF film by tuning the magnetic field in a heterostructure. Our experiments show a coupling between the electric polarization and applied magnetic field in multiferroic heterostructures much larger than any previously reported values. Previous reports have used inorganic materials for the ferroelectric layer. Organic polymers have an electric dipole originating at the molecular level due to atoms with different electronegativity that are free to rotate. To flip the polarization, the chains must rotate and the position of the atoms must change. This increases the force felt locally by those chains. Using this polymer, we are able to increase the magnetoelectric coupling.
An investigation of parity and time-reversal symmetry breaking in tight-binding lattices
(2014) Scott, Derek Douglas; Joglekar, Yogesh; Decca, Ricardo; Petrache, Horia; Tarasov, Vitaly; Csathy, Gabor
More than a decade ago, it was shown that non-Hermitian Hamiltonians with combined parity (P) and time-reversal (T ) symmetry exhibit real eigenvalues over a range of parameters. Since then, the field of PT symmetry has seen rapid progress on both the theoretical and experimental fronts. These effective Hamiltonians are excellent candidates for describing open quantum systems with balanced gain and loss. Nature seems to be replete with examples of PT -symmetric systems; in fact, recent experimental investigations have observed the effects of PT symmetry breaking in systems as diverse as coupled mechanical pendula, coupled optical waveguides, and coupled electrical circuits. Recently, PT -symmetric Hamiltonians for tight-binding lattice models have been extensively investigated. Lattice models, in general, have been widely used in physics due to their analytical and numerical tractability. Perhaps one of the best systems for experimentally observing the effects of PT symmetry breaking in a one-dimensional lattice with tunable hopping is an array of evanescently-coupled optical waveguides. The tunneling between adjacent waveguides is tuned by adjusting the width of the barrier between them, and the imaginary part of the local refractive index provides the loss or gain in the respective waveguide. Calculating the time evolution of a wave packet on a lattice is relatively straightforward in the tight-binding model, allowing us to make predictions about the behavior of light propagating down an array of PT -symmetric waveguides. In this thesis, I investigate the the strength of the PT -symmetric phase (the region over which the eigenvalues are purely real) in lattices with a variety of PT - symmetric potentials. In Chapter 1, I begin with a brief review of the postulates of quantum mechanics, followed by an outline of the fundamental principles of PT - symmetric systems. Chapter 2 focuses on one-dimensional uniform lattices with a pair of PT -symmetric impurities in the case of open boundary conditions. I find that the PT phase is algebraically fragile except in the case of closest impurities, where the PT phase remains nonzero. In Chapter 3, I examine the case of periodic boundary conditions in uniform lattices, finding that the PT phase is not only nonzero, but also independent of the impurity spacing on the lattice. In addition, I explore the time evolution of a single-particle wave packet initially localized at a site. I find that in the case of periodic boundary conditions, the wave packet undergoes a preferential clockwise or counterclockwise motion around the ring. This behavior is quantified by a discrete momentum operator which assumes a maximum value at the PT -symmetry- breaking threshold. In Chapter 4, I investigate nonuniform lattices where the parity-symmetric hop- ping between neighboring sites can be tuned. I find that the PT phase remains strong in the case of closest impurities and fragile elsewhere. Chapter 5 explores the effects of the competition between localized and extended PT potentials on a lattice. I show that when the short-range impurities are maximally separated on the lattice, the PT phase is strengthened by adding short-range loss in the broad-loss region. Consequently, I predict that a broken PT symmetry can be restored by increasing the strength of the short-range impurities. Lastly, Chapter 6 summarizes my salient results and discusses areas which can be further developed in future research.
Investigation of PT Symmetry Breaking and Exceptional Points in Delay-coupled Semiconductor Lasers
(2021-08) Wilkey, Andrew; Vemuri, Gautam; Joglekar, Yogesh; Liu, Jing; Ou, Jeff; Petrache, Horia
This research investigates characteristics of PT (parity-time) symmetry breaking in a system of two optically-coupled, time-delayed semiconductor lasers. A theoretical rate equation model for the lasers' electric fields is presented and then reduced to a 2x2 Hamiltonian model, which, in the absence of time-delay, is PT-symmetric. The important parameters we control are the temporal separation of the lasers, the frequency detuning, and the coupling strength. The detuning is experimentally controlled by varying the lasers' temperatures, and intensity vs. detuning behavior are examined, specifically how the PT-transition and the period and amplitude of sideband intensity oscillations change with coupling and delay. Experiments are compared to analytic predictions and numerical results, and all are found to be in good agreement. Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and exceptional points of the reduced Hamiltonian model are numerically and analytically investigated, specifically how nonzero delay affects existing exceptional points.
Lattice and Momentum Space Approach to Bound States and Excitonic Condensation via User Friendly Interfaces
(2012-03-20) Jamell, Christopher Ray; Joglekar, Yogesh; Decca, Ricardo; Nageswara Rao, B. D.; Cheng, Ruihua; Hu, Jiangping
In this thesis, we focus on two broad categories of problems, exciton condensation and bound states, and two complimentary approaches, real and momentum space, to solve these problems. In chapter 2 we begin by developing the self-consistent mean field equations, in momentum space, used to calculate exciton condensation in semiconductor heterostructures/double quantum wells and graphene. In the double quantum well case, where we have one layer containing electrons and the other layer with holes separated by a distance $d$, we extend the analytical solution to the two dimensional hydrogen atom in order to provide a semi-quantitative measure of when a system of excitons can be considered dilute. Next we focus on the problem of electron-electron screening, using the random phase approximation, in double layer graphene. The literature contains calculations showing that when screening is not taken into account the temperature at which excitons in double layer graphene condense is approximately room temperature. Also in the literature is a calculation showing that under certain assumptions the transition temperature is approximately \unit{mK}. The essential result is that the condensate is exponentially suppressed by the number of electron species in the system. Our mean field calculations show that the condensate, is in fact, not exponentially suppressed. Next, in chapter 3, we show the use of momentum space to solve the Schr\"{o}dinger equation for a class of potentials that are not usually a part of a quantum mechanics courses. Our approach avoids the typical pitfalls that exist when one tries to discretize the real space Schr\"{o}dinger equation. This technique widens the number of problems that can presented in an introductory quantum mechanics course while at the same time, because of the ease of its implementation, provides a simple introduction to numerical techniques and programming in general to students. We have furthered this idea by creating a modular program that allows students to choose the potential they wish to solve for while abstracting away the details of how the solution is found. In chapter 4 we revisit the single exciton and exciton condensation in double layer graphene problems through the use of real space lattice models. In the first section, we once again develop the equations needed to solve the problem of exciton condensation in a double layer graphene system. In addition to this we show that by using this technique, we find that for a non-interacting system with a finite non-zero tunneling between the layers that the on-site exciton density is proportional to the tunneling amplitude. The second section returns to the single exciton problem. In agreement with our momentum space calculations, we find that as the layer separation distance is increased the bound state wave function broadens. Finally, an interesting consequence of the lattice model is explored briefly. We show that for a system containing an electron in a periodic potential, there exists a bound state for both an attractive as well as repulsive potential. The bound state for the repulsive potential has as its energy $-E_0$ where $E_0$ is the ground state energy of the attractive potential with the same strength.
Non-hermitian dynamics in delay coupled semiconductor lasers
(SPIE, 2019-08) Wilkey, Andrew; Suelzer, Joseph S.; Joglekar, Yogesh; Vemuri, Gautam; Physics, School of Science
This paper describes our work on the realization of a non-hermitian Hamiltonian system in time-delay coupled semiconductor lasers consisting of two identical lasers, operated with a small frequency detuning between them, and bidirectionally coupled to each other through optical injection. The effective Hamiltonian for this system is non-hermitian, and, under some assumptions and conditions, reminiscent of two-site paritytime (PT) symmetric Hamiltonians, a topic that is under intense investigation. The dynamical response of the intensity of the lasers as a function of the detuning between them reveals characteristics of a PT symmetric system, and our emphasis is on the features that arise from the delayed coupling. Experimental measurements are in good agreement with numerical simulation of the nonlinear rate equation model that describes the coupled system.

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