Browsing by Author "Herzog, Patricia Snell"

Now showing 1 - 10 of 51
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    AIMS Philanthropy Project: Studying AI, Machine Learning & Data Science Technology for Good
    (Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy and Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN., 2021-02-07) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Naik, Harshal R.; Khan, Haseeb A.
    This project investigates philanthropic activities related to Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science technology (AIMS). Advances in AIMS technology are impacting the field of philanthropy in substantial ways. This report focuses on methods employed in analyzing and visualizing five data sources: Open Philanthropy grants database, Rockefeller Foundation grants database, Chronicle of Philanthropy article database, GuideStar Nonprofit Database, and Google AI for Social Good grant awardees. The goal was to develop an accessible website platform that engaged human-centered UX user experience design techniques to present information about AIMS Philanthropy (https://www.aims-phil.org/). Each dataset was analyzed for a set of general questions that could be answered visually. The visuals aim to provide answers to these two primary questions: (1) How much funding was invested in AIMS? and (2) What focus areas, applications, discovery, or other purposes was AIMS-funded directed toward? Cumulatively, this project identified 325 unique organizations with a total of $2.6 billion in funding for AIMS philanthropy.
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    American Behavioral Scientist Special Issue: The Science and Imagination of Living Generously
    (Sage, 2019-12) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Clark, Chelsea Jacqueline; Osili, Una O.; Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
    This special issue addresses the science and imagination of living generously. Generosity is investigated from multiple disciplinary approaches, across the seven articles included in the issue. The first article engages an economic approach to address heterogeneity and generosity for adult Americans, analyzing charitable giving before and after the great recession of 2008. The second article engages a psychological approach to investigate later life-course generosity by studying mortality salience – concerns over the end of life – and age effects on charitable donations. The third article engages sociological and management approaches to study how social science data impacts generosity, by investigating an interaction with data analytics during the life-course stages of emerging and young adulthood. The fourth article engages a psychological approach to examine earlier life-course dynamics, by studying whether and under what conditions children exhibit generosity of affection towards religious out-groups. The fifth article engages a psychological approach to investigate generosity, religion, and moral foundations for adults. The sixth article engages an economics approach to probe millennial generosity, challenging popular notions of greater selfishness in younger generations. The seventh article engages an educational approach to theorize connections between global and local ecological generosity in children’s stories, finding that creating stories together can be a tool to foster intergenerational transmission of care for the environment. Cumulatively, these seven article contribute new knowledge on generosity throughout complex and important life-course dynamics.
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    Applying Bibliometric Techniques: Studying Interdisciplinarity in Higher Education Curriculum
    (Computation, 2022) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Ai, Jin; Ashton, Julia
    Bibliometric methods are relevant for a range of applications and disciplines. The majority of existing scholarship investigating citation and reference patterns focuses on studying research impact. This article presents a new approach to studying the curriculum using bibliometric methods. Through a review of existing definitions and measures of interdisciplinary research and standardization procedures for comparing disciplinary citations, three measures were considered: variety, balance and dissimilarity. Bibliometric algorithms for assessing these measures were adopted and modified for a curriculum context, and three interdisciplinary programs were investigated that span undergraduate and graduate degrees. Data objects were course syllabi, and required references were coded for disciplinary affiliations. The results indicated that—despite purportedly pursuing a singular goal in the same academic unit—the programs employed distinct citation patterns. Variety was highest in the master’s program, and balance was highest in the doctoral program. Dissimilarity was highest in the doctoral program, yet a novel technique for disambiguating disciplinary composition was implemented to improve interpretation. The analysis yielded unexpected findings, which underscore the value of a systematic approach in advancing beyond discourse by harnessing bibliometric techniques to reveal underlying curricula structure. This study contributed a well-grounded bibliometric method that can be replicated in future studies.
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    Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science Philanthropy: Case Studies of a Purposive Classification of Philanthropic Missions
    (Routledge, 2024) Herzog, Patricia Snell
    This chapter analyzes U.S. nonprofit data compiled from multiple sources to identify 349 philanthropic organizations involved in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science technology. Analyzing mission statements results in three groups categories – tech-centered, tech-perpetuating, and tech-implementing – and includes case studies of 15 organizations exemplifying each technology for good type. The chapter concludes with a conceptual framework for philanthropy's role in advancing technology and social good.
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    Audience Considerations: Ten Tips, Crafting a Hook, and the Writing Process
    (Sage, 2024) Herzog, Patricia Snell
    This editorial focuses on writing academic articles that appeal to researcher audiences. I offer 10 tips for audience considerations in writing research articles. One tip is to develop a hook. What is a hook and how does one craft it? I help to answer these ques- tions by encouraging authors to move beyond the over-utilized claim that ‘‘very little research exists on this topic.’’ That is a challenging claim to substantiate after decades and centuries of existing studies on most topics, and it is unnecessary. More than likely in this contemporary year, there are many studies relevant to the topics of any article. Their lack is probably more a reflection of the author not thoroughly looking than whether they exist. But why make such a challenging claim? There are many other inter- esting reasons to pay attention to a topic than lack of attention. Be more creative than only ‘‘filling a gap.’’ The editorial concludes with attention to the writing process and an affirmation of the inverted triangle for organizing the structure of each section in an article.
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    Bibliometric Applications in Social Science Research: The Social Network Context of Generosity
    (IntechOpen, 2023) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Ai, Jin; Osili, Una; Clark, Chelsea; Kou, Xiaonan
    Whether or not a person chooses to act philanthropically can seem like a personal decision. Yet, giving is inherently a social act, minimally involving a giver and a receiver. The relational aspects of giving decisions can be studied by investigating social networks. What is known about the role of social networks in charitable giving? To answer this question, this study utilizes bibliometric techniques to review existing literature in a systematic manner. Applying these tools to social science research facilitates integration of knowledge across multiple disciplines and diverse methodological approaches. Across the reviewed research, there are five central themes. First, networks can shape values of efforts to support the public good. Second, networks can informally punish people for acting too self-interestedly. Third, networks can join together or exclude, contributing to social inequality and its reproduction over time. Fourth, networks can maintain group dynamics. Fifth, networks can pattern behaviors into habits, form interdependence, situate what is considered normal, and provide stability in times of crisis. Implications of existing research are drawn toward understanding young adulthood within its networked social contexts of generosity.
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    Chicago School: Social Change
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2019) Herzog, Patricia Snell
    The Chicago School of sociologists theorized social change primarily through a set of theories referred to as the “organism metaphor.” Organism metaphors of society have characterized society as a whole functioning together as a single organism, or have characterized societies as composed of a number of organisms functioning in an ecological system. Chicago School sociologists interpreted the organism metaphor as less functional and more conflict oriented. Their attention to the unequal distribution of social ills across cityscapes shifted away from a naturalistic, scientific, and cohesive view of social organisms toward a medical, interventionist, and struggling view of social organisms. The focus on eradication of social pathologies added a distinctly US style of sociology that viewed social life as in need of amelioration.
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    Civic Morality: Democracy and Social Good
    (Springer, 2023) Herzog, Patricia Snell
    This chapter reviews the concept of civic morality and its role in democracy. The first section defines civic morality, including what it is as well as what it is not. Simply stated, civic morality is the belief that one should engage in efforts to promote social and public goods along with actions intended to promote the wellbeing of others beyond the self. These are neither solely personal individual beliefs that are not publicly shared nor government prescribed public acts. Second, the chapter explains why civic morality matters. Importance includes its role in fostering a social lubricant to collective action, trust in people and social institutions, and democratic participation. The third section summarizes major approaches to the study of civic morality. Interdisciplinary studies are best categorized across the levels of their units of analysis: micro, meso, and macro. Key takeaways are offered based on the findings of existing studies about the relationship of civic morality and other important social phenomena. Reviewed findings are related to philanthropy and generosity, generational changes and youth, socioeconomic inequalities, religiosity and culture, and social norms.
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    Contextual Effects
    (American Cancer Society, 2020) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Lilly Family School of Philanthropy
    Social scientists since the original Chicago School researchers find that neighborhoods and other geographic areas exert effects on residents, both while they live in those areas and even long afterward. The context effects are net of the individuals composing them, meaning there are cumulative effects that cannot be explained by individual-level characteristics alone. Another way of describing this is to state that the sum is greater than its parts: neighborhoods and other geographic areas, such as counties, states, and nations, combine social resources in ways that can influence the kind of lives that people living in those areas have over time. Contextual effects have a long history in sociological studies, dating back at least to the early Chicago School, and affect several types of social outcomes, including economic, educational and developmental, health and psychological well-being, crime and delinquency, and community involvement. Future directions of contextual effects research will account for the objective and structural features of geographic areas, in conjunction with the subjective and perceptual aspects.
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    Cracking the Code of Geo-Identifiers: Harnessing Data-Based Decision-Making for the Public Good
    (International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics, 2022) Herzog, Patricia Snell
    The accessibility of official statistics to non-expert users could be aided by employing natural language processing and deep learning models to dataset lexicons. Specifically, the semantic structure of FIPS codes would offer a relatively standardized data dictionary of column names and string variable structure to identify: two-digits for states, followed by three-digits for counties. The technical, methodological contribution of this paper is a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications based on FIPS code analysis indicated that between 27,954 and 1,970,000 publications attend to this geo-identifier. Within a single dataset reporting national representative and longitudinal survey data, 141 publications utilize FIPS data. The high incidence shows the research impact. Yet, the low proportion of only 2.0 percent of all publications utilizing this dataset also shows a gap even among expert users. A data use case drawn from public health data implies that cracking the code of geo-identifiers could advance access by helping everyday users formulate data inquiries within intuitive language.