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Browsing by Author "Gupta, Vinayak"

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    Audemes: Exploring the Market Potential of a Sound Based Educational Tool
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2014-04-11) Meyer, Christopher; Ahsan, Sheheryar; Gupta, Vinayak; Parham, Abigail; Patel, Harsh; Qureshi, Mariam
    An Audeme is a 3-5 second non-speech sound that is used to transmit information aurally. Originally created and tested at the Indiana School for the Blind and Visually Impaired by Dr. Steve Manheimmer, Audemes were used as an educational tool that was proven to increase memory retention. The goal for this project is to expand the scope of the project from a BVI market to the larger market of sighted individuals. Specifically, we aim to further our understanding of Audemes by applying it to one specific application, including gaming and productivity. The project has consisted of a literature review of Audemes and its possible market applications; interviews with industry experts, including start-up specialists and lastly, a survey of sound app markets on both Android and Apple to determine profitable market segments. Finally, students at IUPUI will be surveyed to determine the entertainment value and usability of AUDEMES with a sighted audience. Through this proof of concept, we will determine the most profitable area for Audemes development. After establishing this, the future medical prospects could include rehabilitation of individuals with brain damage, use in speech therapy, and use in Alzheimer’s patients to slow deterioration of neural tissue. Additionally, this could be used in the emerging e-book market as well as an educational tool for better memory retention.
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    Effect of Nicotine on Planktonic and Biofilm Growth Phases of an Experiment
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2014-04-11) Gupta, Vinayak; Gregory, Richard L.
    Tobacco and cigarette smoke increase the risk of periodontal disease, one of the most widespread human diseases. It has been established that Porphormonas gingivalis, a gram negative anaerobic bacterium, is one of the main causative agents of periodontal disease. Prior research indicates that P. gingivalis binds to Fusobacterium nucleatum in oral biofilms. It is not yet understood if nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoke, affects the growth of bacteria differently if added in the planktonic phase, defined as the primary subculture from agar to broth before the start of a biofilm formation experiment, or the biofilm phase, defined as the secondary subculture from broth culture to a microtiter plate. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to understand this methodological difference. F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis were both grown in anaerobic GasPak containers on blood agar plates. The media for primary subculture consisted of a Brain Heart Infusion (BBL) broth supplemented with 5 g/L yeast extract and 5% vitamin K & hemin serum at 37oC. F. nucleatum was subcultured in the absence of nicotine and plated on a 96 well plate to establish biofilm. P. gingivalis was subcultured in varying concentrations of nicotine and subcultured on top of the F. nucleate biofilm. Biofilm mass was analyzed using the crystal violet technique and samples were measured in a spectrophotometer at 490 nm. The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in biofilm formation when P. gingivalis was subjected to a higher nicotine concentration in the planktonic phase in comparison to a lower nicotine concentration in the biofilm phase. This data suggests a nicotine assisted activation of receptors on the surface of P. gingivalis specific for binding to F. nucleatum. Further testing on the receptors through a biotinylation assay will confirm the results.
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    EFFECTS OF PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS TREATED WITH VARIOUS CIGARETTE CONSTITUENTS ON HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2012-04-13) Gupta, Vinayak; Windsor, L. Jack; Gregory, Richard L.
    Tobacco use affects the cardiovascular system and increases the rate of cardiovascular disease among smokers. However, the effects of tobacco on the endothelial cells that line blood vessels are not yet fully understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine some of the effects that a periodontal pathogen such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), nicotine, and dissolvable tobacco strips (DST) have on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). P.gingivalis was grown in an anaerobic environment at 37oC with and without CSC, DST, and nicotine. The cells and supernatants were harvested 96 hours later. A Bradford protein assay was conducted to determine the protein amounts of the cells and in the supernatant. The HUVEC will be cultured in Endothelial Basal Medium-2 and plated in 6 well plates and exposed to the P. gingivalis cells and supernatants and after 72 hours, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays will be used to cytotoxicity. Non-toxic amounts of the cells and supernatants will then be used to treat HUVEC cells for 72 hours before the media is collected and analyzed for cytokine/growth factor expression by protein arrays. It is believed that the treated bacteria will increase the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors expressed by the HUVECs, which could play roles in vascular diseases. The protein assays showed that only the protein amount in the supernatant from the CSC treated bacteria was decreased.
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    INTERACTIONS OF HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS WITH TOBACCO TREATED STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2013-04-05) Gupta, Vinayak; Windsor, L. Jack; Song, Fengyu; Gregory, Richard L.
    Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a major contributor to dental caries. Previous research has shown that there is a positive relationship between smoking and dental carries, however the pathway of S. mutans growth is not yet understood. Tobacco use affects the cardiovascular system and increases the rate of cardiovascular disease among smokers. However, the effects of tobacco on the endothelial cells that line blood vessels are not yet fully understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine some of the effects that a periodontal pathogen such as S. mutans treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and nicotine have on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC’s). The S. mutans was grown at 37°C and then the planktonic cells were harvested, washed with saline, and then killed with formaldehyde. To standardize the samples, they were diluted to the same OD at 600nm wavelength using a spectroscope. The HUVEC were cultured in Endothelial Basal Medium-2 and plated in 12 well plates and exposed to the P. gingivalis cells and supernatants and after 72 hours, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays will be used to cytotoxicity. Non-toxic amounts of the cells and supernatants will then be used to treat HUVEC cells for 72 hours before the media is collected and analyzed for cytokine/growth factor expression by protein arrays. Second messenger signaling pathways will be analyzed with ERK and JNK antagonists and agonists to determine the pathway of up regulation of S. mutans. A better understanding of the detrimental effects that tobacco has on the underlining causes of periodontal disease can advance the quest of controlling the disease.
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