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Browsing by Author "Du, Xiaoping"
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Item A new noninvasive and patient-specific hemodynamic index for the severity of renal stenosis and outcome of interventional treatment(Wiley, 2022-07) Yu, Huidan; Khan, Monsurul; Wu, Hao; Du, Xiaoping; Chen, Rou; Rollins, Dave M.; Fang, Xin; Long, Jianyun; Xu, Chenke; Sawchuk, Alan P.; Surgery, School of MedicineRenal arterial stenosis (RAS) often causes renovascular hypertension, which may result in kidney failure and life-threatening consequences. Direct assessment of the hemodynamic severity of RAS has yet to be addressed. In this work, we present a computational concept to derive a new, noninvasive, and patient-specific index to assess the hemodynamic severity of RAS and predict the potential benefit to the patient from a stenting therapy. The hemodynamic index is derived from a functional relation between the translesional pressure indicator (TPI) and lumen volume reduction (S) through a parametric deterioration of the RAS. Our in-house computational platform, InVascular, for image-based computational hemodynamics is used to compute the TPI at given S. InVascular integrates unified computational modeling for both image processing and computational hemodynamics with graphic processing unit parallel computing technology. The TPI-S curve reveals a pair of thresholds of S indicating mild or severe RAS. The TPI at S = 0 represents the pressure improvement following a successful stenting therapy. Six patient cases with a total of 6 aortic and 12 renal arteries are studied. The computed blood pressure waveforms have good agreements with the in vivo measured ones and the systolic pressure is statistical equivalence to the in-vivo measurements with p < .001. Uncertainty quantification provides the reliability of the computed pressure through the corresponding 95% confidence interval. The severity assessments of RAS in four cases are consistent with the medical practice. The preliminary results inspire a more sophisticated investigation for real medical insights of the new index. This computational concept can be applied to other arterial stenoses such as iliac stenosis. Such a noninvasive and patient-specific hemodynamic index has the potential to aid in the clinical decision-making of interventional treatment with reduced medical cost and patient risks.Item Active learning with generalized sliced inverse regression for high-dimensional reliability analysis(Elsevier, 2022-01) Yin, Jianhua; Du, Xiaoping; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyIt is computationally expensive to predict reliability using physical models at the design stage if many random input variables exist. This work introduces a dimension reduction technique based on generalized sliced inverse regression (GSIR) to mitigate the curse of dimensionality. The proposed high dimensional reliability method enables active learning to integrate GSIR, Gaussian Process (GP) modeling, and Importance Sampling (IS), resulting in an accurate reliability prediction at a reduced computational cost. The new method consists of three core steps, 1) identification of the importance sampling region, 2) dimension reduction by GSIR to produce a sufficient predictor, and 3) construction of a GP model for the true response with respect to the sufficient predictor in the reduced-dimension space. High accuracy and efficiency are achieved with active learning that is iteratively executed with the above three steps by adding new training points one by one in the region with a high chance of failure.Item Adaptive Kriging Method for Uncertainty Quantification of the Photoelectron Sheath and Dust Levitation on the Lunar Surface(ASME, 2021) Wei, Xinpeng; Zhao, Jianxun; He, Xiaoming; Hu, Zhen; Du, Xiaoping; Han, Daoru; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyThis paper presents an adaptive Kriging based method to perform uncertainty quantification (UQ) of the photoelectron sheath and dust levitation on the lunar surface. The objective of this study is to identify the upper and lower bounds of the electric potential and that of dust levitation height, given the intervals of model parameters in the one-dimensional (1D) photoelectron sheath model. To improve the calculation efficiency, we employ the widely used adaptive Kriging method (AKM). A task-oriented learning function and a stopping criterion are developed to train the Kriging model and customize the AKM. Experiment analysis shows that the proposed AKM is both accurate and efficient.Item Applying Machine Learning to Optimize Sintered Powder Microstructures from Phase Field Modeling(2020-12) Batabyal, Arunabha; Zhang, Jing; Yang, Shengfeng; Du, XiaopingSintering is a primary particulate manufacturing technology to provide densification and strength for ceramics and many metals. A persistent problem in this manufacturing technology has been to maintain the quality of the manufactured parts. This can be attributed to the various sources of uncertainty present during the manufacturing process. In this work, a two-particle phase-field model has been analyzed which simulates microstructure evolution during the solid-state sintering process. The sources of uncertainty have been considered as the two input parameters surface diffusivity and inter-particle distance. The response quantity of interest (QOI) has been selected as the size of the neck region that develops between the two particles. Two different cases with equal and unequal sized particles were studied. It was observed that the neck size increased with increasing surface diffusivity and decreased with increasing inter-particle distance irrespective of particle size. Sensitivity analysis found that the inter-particle distance has more influence on variation in neck size than that of surface diffusivity. The machine-learning algorithm Gaussian Process Regression was used to create the surrogate model of the QOI. Bayesian Optimization method was used to find optimal values of the input parameters. For equal-sized particles, optimization using Probability of Improvement provided optimal values of surface diffusivity and inter-particle distance as 23.8268 and 40.0001, respectively. The Expected Improvement as an acquisition function gave optimal values 23.9874 and 40.7428, respectively. For unequal sized particles, optimal design values from Probability of Improvement were 23.9700 and 33.3005 for surface diffusivity and inter-particle distance, respectively, while those from Expected Improvement were 23.9893 and 33.9627. The optimization results from the two different acquisition functions seemed to be in good agreement with each other. The results also validated the fact that surface diffusivity should be higher and inter-particle distance should be lower for achieving larger neck size and better mechanical properties of the material.Item Approximation to Multivariate Normal Integral and Its Application in Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis(Elsevier, 2021-01) Wei, Xinpeng; Han, Daoru; Du, Xiaoping; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyIt is common to evaluate high-dimensional normal probabilities in many uncertainty-related applications such as system and time-dependent reliability analysis. An accurate method is proposed to evaluate high-dimensional normal probabilities, especially when they reside in tail areas. The normal probability is at first converted into the cumulative distribution function of the extreme value of the involved normal variables. Then the series expansion method is employed to approximate the extreme value with respect to a smaller number of mutually independent standard normal variables. The moment generating function of the extreme value is obtained using the Gauss-Hermite quadrature method. The saddlepoint approximation method is finally used to estimate the cumulative distribution function of the extreme value, thereby the desired normal probability. The proposed method is then applied to time-dependent reliability analysis where a large number of dependent normal variables are involved with the use of the First Order Reliability Method. Examples show that the proposed method is generally more accurate and robust than the widely used randomized quasi Monte Carlo method and equivalent component method.Item A Bayesian Approach to Recovering Missing Component Dependence for System Reliability Prediction via Synergy Between Physics and Data(ASME, 2021-11) Li, Huiru; Du, Xiaoping; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyPredicting system reliability is often a core task in systems design. System reliability depends on component reliability and dependence of components. Component reliability can be predicted with a physics-based approach if the associated physical models are available. If the models do not exist, component reliability may be estimated from data. When both types of components coexist, their dependence is often unknown, and the component states are therefore assumed independent by the traditional method, which can result in a large error. This work proposes a new system reliability method to recover the missing component dependence, thereby leading to a more accurate estimate of the joint probability density (PDF) of all the component states. The method works for series systems whose load is shared by its components that may fail due to excessive loading. For components without physical models available, the load data are recorded upon failure, and equivalent physical models are created; the model parameters are estimated by the proposed Bayesian approach. Then models of all component states become available, and the dependence of component states, as well as their joint PDF, can be estimated. Four examples are used to evaluate the proposed method, and the results indicate that the proposed method can produce more accurate predictions of system reliability than the traditional method that assumes independent component states.Item Development of ABAQUS-MATLAB Interface for Design Optimization using Hybrid Cellular Automata and Comparison with Bidirectional Evolutionary Structural Optimization(2021-12) Antony, Alen; Tovar, Andres; Nematollahi, Khosrow; Du, XiaopingTopology Optimization is an optimization technique used to synthesize models without any preconceived shape. These structures are synthesized keeping in mind the minimum compliance problems. With the rapid improvement in advanced manufacturing technology and increased need for lightweight high strength designs topology optimization is being used more than ever. There exist a number of commercially available software's that can be used for optimizing a product. These software have a robust Finite Element Solver and can produce good results. However, these software offers little to no choice to the user when it comes to selecting the type of optimization method used. It is possible to use a programming language like MATLAB to develop algorithms that use a specific type of optimization method but the user himself will be responsible for writing the FEA algorithms too. This leads to a situation where the flexibility over the optimization method is achieved but the robust FEA of the commercial FEA tool is lost. There have been works done in the past that links ABAQUS with MATLAB but they are primarily used as a tool for finite element post-processing. Through this thesis, the aim is to develop an interface that can be used for solving optimization problems using different methods like hard-kill as well as the material penalization (SIMP) method. By doing so it's possible to harness the potential of a commercial FEA software and gives the user the requires flexibility to write or modify the codes to have an optimization method of his or her choice. Also, by implementing this interface, it can also be potentially used to unlock the capabilities of other Dassault Systèmes software's as the firm is implementing a tighter integration between all its products using the 3DExperience platform. This thesis as described uses this interface to implement BESO and HCA based topology optimization. Since hybrid cellular atomata is the only other method other than equivalent static load method that can be used for crashworthiness optimization this work suits well for the role when extended into a non-linear region.Item Distributed Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Heterogeneous Vehicle Platoons Under Uncertainty(IEEE Xplore, 2021-09) Shen, Dan; Yin, Jianhua; Du, Xiaoping; Li, Lingxi; Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyThis paper presents a novel distributed nonlinear model predictive control (DNMPC) for minimizing velocity tracking and spacing errors in heterogeneous vehicle platoon under uncertainty. The vehicle longitudinal dynamics and information flow in the platoon are established and analyzed. The algorithm of DNMPC with robustness and reliability considerations at each vehicle (or node) is developed based on the leading vehicle and reference information from nodes in its neighboring set. Together with the physical constraints on the control input, the nonlinear constraints on vehicle longitudinal dynamics, the terminal constraints on states, and the reliability constraints on both input and output, the objective function is defined to optimize the control accuracy and efficiency by penalizing the tracking errors between the predicted outputs and desirable outputs of the same node and neighboring nodes, respectively. Meanwhile, the robust design optimization model also minimizes the expected quality loss which consists of the mean and standard deviation of node inputs and outputs. The simulation results also demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach under two different traffic scenarios.Item Distributed Stochastic Model Predictive Control With Taguchi’s Robustness for Vehicle Platooning(IEEE, 2022-02-03) Yin, Jianhua; Shen, Dan; Du, Xiaoping; Li, Lingxi; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyVehicle platooning for highway driving has many benefits, such as lowering fuel consumption, improving traffic safety, and reducing traffic congestion. However, its performance could be undermined due to uncertainty. This work proposes a new control method that combines distributed stochastic model predictive control with Taguchi’s robustness (TR-DSMPC) for vehicle platooning. The proposed method inherits the advantages of both Taguchi’s robustness (maximizing the mean performance and minimizing the performance variation due to uncertainty) and stochastic model predictive control (ensuring a specific reliability level). Taguchi’s robustness is achieved by introducing a variation term in the control objective to bring a trade-off between mean performance and its variation. TR-DSMPC propagates uncertainty via an approximation method: First-Order Second Moment, which is far more efficient than Monte Carlo-based methods. The uncertainty is considered from two perspectives, time-independent uncertainty by random variables and time-dependent uncertainty by stochastic processes. We compare the proposed method with two other MPC-based methods in terms of safety (spacing error) and efficiency (relative velocity). The results indicate that our proposed method can effectively reduce the performance variation and maintain the mean performance.Item Enhancing Mechanical Engineering Education Through a Virtual Instructor in an Ai-Driven Virtual Reality Fatigue Test Lab(2023-08) Yahyaeian, Amir Abbas; Jones, Alan; Zhang, Jing; Du, XiaopingThis thesis demonstrates the combination of virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI) specifically exploring the practical application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and GPT-based models in educational VR laboratories. The objective is to design a comprehensive learning environment where users can independently engage in laboratory experiments, deriving similar educational outcomes as they would from a traditional, physical laboratory setup, particularly within the realms of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Using machine learning techniques and authentic virtual reality simulating educational experiments, we propose an advanced learning platform—Virtual Reality Instructional Laboratory Environment (VRILE). A key feature of the VRILE is an AI-powered instructor capable of not only guiding the learners through the tasks but also responding intelligently to their actions in real-time. The AI constituent of the VRILE uses the GPT-2 model for text generation in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). To ensure the generated instructions were contextually relevant and meaningful to lab participants, the model was trained on a dataset derived from an augmentation over user interactions within the VR environment. By pushing the boundaries of how AI can be utilized in educational VR environments, this research paves the way for broader adoption across other domains of engineering education. Furthermore, it provides a solid foundation for future research in this interdisciplinary field. It marks a significant stride in the integration of technology and education, encouraging more ventures into this promising frontier.