Energy Optimization of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems

Abstract

The energy consumption in the building sector is responsible for over 36% of the total energy consumption across the globe. Of all the energy-consumer devices within a building, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for over 50% of the total energy consumed. This makes HVAC systems a source of preventable and unexplored energy waste that can be tackled by incorporating intelligent operations. Since its inception, model predictive control (MPC) has been one of the prospective solutions for HVAC management systems to reduce both costs and energy usage. Additionally, MPC is becoming increasingly practical as the processing capacity of building automation systems increases and a large quantity of monitored building data becomes available. MPC also provides the potential to improve the energy efficiency of HVAC systems via its capacity to consider limitations, to predict disruptions, and to factor in multiple competing goals such as interior thermal comfort and building energy consumption. In this regard, the opening chapter delves into the evolving landscape of the HVAC industry. It explores how rapid advancements in technology, growing concerns about climate change, and the ever-present need for energy efficiency are driving innovation. The chapter highlights the shift from static to dynamic HVAC systems, where buildings become sensor rich networks enabling advanced control strategies like Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD). we first provide a comprehensive review of the literature concerning the application of MPC in HVAC systems. Detailed discussions of modeling approaches and optimization algorithms are included. Numerous design aspects such as prediction horizon, time step, and cost function, that impact MPC performance are discussed in detail. The technical characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of various types of modeling software are discussed. Next, a thorough, real-world case study for the design and implementation of a generalized data-collection and control architecture for HVAC systems in an educational building is proposed. The proposed MPC method adds a supervisory control layer on top of the current BMS by delivering temperature setpoints to the legacy controller. This means that the technique may be used to a variety of current HVAC systems in different commercial buildings. In addition, the utilization of remote web services to host the cloud-based architecture significantly minimizes the amount of technical expertise generally necessary to create such systems. In addition, we provide significant lessons learned from the installation process and we list indicative prices, therefore minimizing uncertainty for other researchers and promoting the use of comparable solutions. Chapter two focuses on Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD), a critical component of maintaining optimal HVAC performance and minimizing energy waste. HVAC systems are susceptible to malfunctions over time, leading to increased energy consumption and higher maintenance costs. FDD techniques play a vital role in identifying and diagnosing these faults early on, allowing for timely repairs and preventing further deterioration. This chapter introduces a novel bi-level machine learning framework for diagnosing faults in air handling units. This framework addresses key challenges associated with FDD. A bi-level machine learning framework is developed for diagnosing faults in air handling units (AHUs) and rooftop units (RTUs) based on principal component analysis (PCA), time series anomaly detection, and random forest (RF). By proposing this framework, we address three persistent challenges in this field: (I) minimizing false positives; (II) accounting for data imbalance; and (III) normal condition monitoring of equipment. It is shown that PCA can reduce the dataset dimension with one principal component accounting for 95% of data variance. Also, the random forest could classify the faults with 89% precision for single-zone AHU, 85% precision for RTU, and 79% for multi-zone AHU. Chapter three tackles the practical implementation of Model Predictive Control (MPC) in a real-world commercial building setting. It details the development, implementation, and cost analysis of a universally applicable cloud-based MPC framework for HVAC control systems. This chapter offers valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of MPC in achieving energy efficiency goals while maintaining occupant comfort. The chapter delves into the hardware and software components used for data acquisition and MPC implemen tation. It emphasizes the use of cloud-based microservices to ensure seamless integration with existing building management systems, promoting wider adoption of this advanced control strategy. Three innovative control strategies are presented and evaluated in this chapter. The chapter presents compelling evidence for the effectiveness of these strategies, showcasing significant energy savings of up to 19.21%. Chapter four focuses on Occupancy-based Demand Controlled Ventilation (DCV) as a means to optimize indoor air quality (IAQ) while minimizing energy consumption. This chapter highlights the growing importance of IAQ in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on occupant health and well-being. Current ventilation standards often rely on static occupancy assumptions, which can lead to over-ventilation during unoccupied pe riods and wasted energy. This chapter proposes a dynamic occupant behavior model using machine learning algorithms to predict CO2 concentrations within buildings. The chapter investigates the performance of various machine learning algorithms, ultimately identify ing a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) as the most effective in predicting CO2 levels under dynamic occupancy conditions. This model allows for real-time modulation of ventilation rates, ensuring adequate IAQ while minimizing energy consumption. The concluding chapter presents experimental findings on the effectiveness of adaptive Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) control strategies in optimizing HVAC energy consump tion. Variable Frequency Drives allow for adjusting the speed of electric motors, including those powering HVAC fans. This chapter explores the potential of using real-time occu pancy predictions to optimize VFD operation. The proposed control strategy demonstrates impressive energy savings, achieving a 51.4% reduction in HVAC fan energy consumption while adhering to ASHRAE IAQ standards. This chapter paves the way for occupant-centric ventilation strategies that prioritize both human health and energy efficiency. These results underscore the potential of predictive control systems to transform building operations to ward greater sustainability and efficiency. The chapter acknowledges the need for further validation through extended monitoring and analysis. In summary, this thesis contributes significantly to the advancement of smart building technologies by proposing practical frameworks for implementing advanced control strategies in HVAC systems. The findings presented here offer valuable insights for building designers, engineers, facility managers, and policymakers interested in creating sustainable, energy efficient, and occupant-centric buildings. The developed frameworks have the potential to be applied across a wide range of building types and climatic conditions, promoting broader adoption of smart building technologies and contributing to a more sustainable built envi ronment.