Three-Dimensional Visualization Technology in the Medical Curriculum: Exploring Faculty Use in Preclinical, Clinical, and Postgraduate Anatomy Education

Abstract

Background: The advancement of three-dimensional visualization technology provides exciting new opportunities in medical education, including new methods for teaching complex anatomical relationships and promising tools for the training of postgraduate physicians. Information on how faculty use three-dimensional visualization technology for anatomy education is essential for informed discussions surrounding their effectiveness as a teaching tool and use in the medical curriculum, yet the current literature lacks necessary contextual details on how faculty integrate these technologies into actual medical curricula. Methods: Fifteen medical educators from North American medical schools and teaching hospitals completed semi-structured interviews and discussed how they use three-dimensional visualization technology for teaching in preclinical courses, clinical clerkships, and postgraduate programs. Transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method and resulting themes were used to inform the creation of a questionnaire. Results: The resulting themes of analysis were organized according to a curricular framework that describes how faculty use these technologies as an instructional resource and how this use is related to the purposes, content, sequence, instructional processes and evaluation of medical curricula. The results demonstrate how three-dimensional visualization technology is being is implemented in a variety of ways in the curriculum and revealed numerous similarities of use across the levels of medical education. Analyses revealed minimal use of three-dimensional visualization technology for assessment and indicated faculty face significant challenges in designing such assessment. Conclusions: Results suggest continuing assessment of the effectiveness of these technologies as a teaching tool needs to encompass broader aspects of use, such as those described in this study. Additionally, results showing similarities of use across levels suggest that educators and administrators should consider how threedimensional visualization technology can be thoughtfully integrated to address the changing needs of learners as they progress through medical education. Findings also suggest that administrators who want to support the integration of three-dimensional visualization technology into the curriculum need to provide adequate support and training to help faculty overcome time limitations and difficulties designing assessment methods.