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Item A Case for Making Web Accessibility Guidelines Accessible: Older Adult Content Creators and Web Accessibility Planning(ACM, 2021-10) Martin-Hammond, Aqueasha; Patil, Ulka; Tandukar, Barsa; BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and ComputingThis paper presents our experiences supporting web accessibility planning among a group of older adult online content creators. We highlight challenges we encountered meeting the web accessibility informational needs of our partners and helping this group of creators become aware and put in place measures to address accessibility issues. Our reflections highlight opportunities for future efforts to improve web accessibility support for everyday content creators and support for helping those less familiar with web accessibility options.Item Eyes-free interaction with aural user interfaces(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2013-04-05) Ghahari, Romisa Rohani; George-Palilonis, Jennifer; Kaser, Lindsay; Bolchini, DavidePeople engaged in parallel tasks at once, such as walking and browsing the web, cannot efficiently access web content and safely monitor their surroundings at the same time. To combat this, we investigate techniques to design novel aural interfaces, which remodel existing web information architectures as linear, aural flows to be listened to. An aural flow is a design-driven, concatenated sequence of pages that can be listened to with minimal interaction required. Aural flows are exemplified in ANFORA News, a semi-aural mobile site optimized to aurally browse large collections of news stories on the go. An exploratory study involving frequent news readers (n=20) investigated the usability and navigation experience with ANFORA News in a mobile setting. Initial evidence suggests that aural flows are a promising paradigm to support eyes-free mobile navigation while on the go, but users still require assistance and additional learning to fully master the aural mechanics of the flows. To unleash a more natural interaction with aural flows, we are currently exploring linkless navigation, which enables users to control the flow via a small set of dialogic commands, issued via voice. Overall, our approach will open new avenues to design appropriate aural user interfaces for content-intensive web systems. This research material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant #1018054. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the NSF.Item Navigating the Aural Web: Augmenting User Experience for Visually Impaired and Mobile Users(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2013-04-05) Bolchini, Davide; Yang, Tao; Gadde, Prathik; Ghahari, Romisa RohaniThe current web navigation paradigm structures interaction around vision and thus hampers users in two eyes-free scenarios: mobile computing and information access for the visually impaired. Users in both scenarios are unable to navigate complex information architectures efficiently because of the strictly linear perceptual bandwidth of the aural channel. To combat this problem, we are conducting a long-term research program aimed at establishing novel design strategies that can augment the aural navigation while users browse complex information architectures typical of the web. A pervasive problem in designing for web accessibility (especially for screen reader users) is to provide efficient access to a large collection of contents, which is manifested in long lists indexing the underlying contents. Cognitively managing the interaction with long lists is cumbersome in the aural paradigm because users need to listen attentively to each list item to make a decision about what link to follow and then select a link. For every non relevant page selected, screen reader users need to go back to the list to select another page. Our most recent study studies compared the performance of index-based web navigation to guided-tour navigation (navigation without lists) for screen-reader users. Guided-tour navigation allows users to move directly back and forth across the content pages of a collection, bypassing lists. An experiment (N=10), conducted at the Indiana School for the Blind and Visually Impaired (ISBVI), examined these web navigation strategies during fact-finding tasks. Guided-tour significantly reduced time on task, number of pages visited, number of keystrokes, and perceived cognitive effort while enhancing the navigational experience. By augmenting existing navigational methods for screen-reader users, our research offers design strategies to web designers to improve web accessibility without costly site redesign. This research material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant #1018054.