Browsing by Subject "toothpaste"

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    3D-Image Analysis of the Impact of Toothpaste Abrasivity on the Progression of Simulated Non-Carious Cervical Lesions
    (Elsevier, 2018) Sabrah, Alaa H.; Turssi, Cecilia P.; Lippert, Frank; Eckert, George J.; Kelly, Adam B.; Hara, Anderson T.; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
    Objectives To investigate the effect of toothpaste abrasive level on the progression of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) using 3D-image subtraction. Methods Upper first premolars were allocated into seven groups (n = 16) of toothpaste/abrasive slurries: A-Zeodent113/5%, B-Zeodent124/10%, C-Zeodent103/15%, D-Sensodyne Pronamel, E-Crest Cavity-Protection, F-Crest Pro-Health-Whitening, and G-Deionized water (DIW). Teeth were mounted on acrylic blocks, and their root surfaces covered with acrylic resin, except for 2-mm near the cemento-enamel junction that was exposed to toothbrushing. Specimens were brushed with the slurries for 5000-, 15,000-, 35,000- and 65,000-strokes. Impressions were taken at baseline and after each brushing time, and then scanned by a 3D optical profilometer. Dentine volume loss was calculated by image subtraction software and subjected to mixed-model ANOVA and multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05). Results No significant differences among slurries were observed at 5000 and 15,000. At 35,000, F showed higher loss than all other groups except C, which did not differ from the others. At 65,000, F (4.19 ± 3.29 mm3) showed the highest loss, followed by C (2.33 ± 1.47 mm3), which differed from all the other groups except B (1.85 ± 0.91 mm3). Groups B, A (1.35 ± 0.65 mm3), D (1.17 ± 0.48 mm3), E (1.40 ± 0.68 mm3) and G (1.12 ± 0.73 mm3) did not differ from each other. Groups F and C showed significant increase of volume loss starting at 35,000, while B, A, D and E only at 65,000; no increase loss was observed for G. Conclusions 3D-image subtraction was able to quantify and differentiate tooth loss, but only at advanced stages. The progression of NCCLs was more evident and faster for highly abrasive slurries. Clinical significance Upon root dentin exposure, brushing with lower abrasive dentifrices is advisable to reduce the risk for NCCLs development.
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    Effectiveness and Mechanisms of Action of Whitening Dentifrices on Enamel Extrinsic Stains
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2013-04-05) Alshara, Salem; Lippert, Frank; Hara, Anderson T.
    Whitening dentifrices utilize different approaches for stain removal and/or prevention, including the use of abrasive, oxidizing and chemical cleaning agents. The objectives of this in vitro study were: 1. to compare the whitening effect of commercial whitening and non-whitening dentifrices; 2. to verify the mechanism of action of whitening dentifrices by contrasting two experimental models: chemical (toothpaste exposure only) and chemo-mechanical (toothpaste exposure with tooth brushing abrasion). Two hundred fifty six bovine enamel specimens (10x10mm) were prepared and partially stained. They were assigned to 8 groups: 6 whitening dentifrices, 1 non-whitening reference dentifrice and deionized water (control); and further divided in 2 subgroups (n=16) according to the experimental models: chemical or chemo-mechanical. Specimens were daily exposed to dentifrice slurries 2x/day for 1min and brushed or not, according to each model. In between dentifrice treatments, specimens were exposed to the staining solution for 5h. This protocol was repeated for 5 consecutive days and enamel color changes (Delta E) were measured by spectrophotometry, after each day. The abrasivity of the toothpastes was determined using standard test (ISO 11609). Significantly higher Delta E values (whitening effect) were observed for all groups (p<0.05), except control, when tested in the chemo-mechanical model. In this model, the whitening ability of the toothpastes was mainly determined by their abrasive levels. For the chemical model, no significant differences were observed among groups (p>0.05). Whitening dentifrices can be effective preventing/removing enamel surface staining, when associated to tooth brushing abrasion. This seemed to be modulated mainly by the abrasive level of the tested toothpastes, with no action attributed to the chemical agents.
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    European Organization for Caries Research Workshop: Methodology for Determination of Potentially Available Fluoride in Toothpastes
    (Karger, 2019-02) Martinez-Mier, E. A.; Tenuta, L. M.; Carey, C. M.; Cury, J. A.; van Loveren, C.; Ekstrand, K.; Ganss, C.; Schulte, A.; Baig, A.; Benzian, H.; Bottenberg, P.; Buijs, M. J.; Ceresa, A.; Carvalho, J. C.; Ellwood, R.; Gonzalez-Cabezas, C.; Holmgren, C.; Knapp, M.; Lippert, Frank; Joiner, A.; Manton, D. J.; Martignon, S.; Mason, S.; Jablonski Momeni, A.; Plett, W.; Rahiotis, C.; Sampaio, F.; Zero, D. T.; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
    Toothpastes are the most universally accepted form of fluoride delivery for caries prevention. To provide anti-caries benefits, they must be able to release fluoride during the time of tooth brushing or post brushing into the oral cavity. However, there is no standard accepted procedure to measure how much fluoride in a toothpaste may be (bio) available for release. The European Organization for Caries Research proposed and supported a workshop with experts in fluoride analysis in toothpastes and representatives from industry. The objective of the workshop was to discuss issues surrounding fluoride analysis in toothpaste and reach consensus on terminology and best practices, wherever the available evidence allowed it. Participants received a background paper and heard presentations followed by structured discussion to define the problem. The group also reviewed evidence on the validity, reliability and feasibility of each technique (namely chromatography and fluoride electroanalysis) and discussed their strengths and limitations. Participants were able to reach a consensus on terminology and were also able to identify and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. However, they agreed that most currently available methods were developed for regulatory agencies several decades ago, utilizing the best available data from clinical trials then, but require to be updated. They also agreed that although significant advances to our understanding of the mechanism of action of fluoride in toothpaste have been achieved over the past 4 decades, this clearly is an extraordinarily complex subject and more work remains to be done.
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    An Introduction to Toothpaste – Its Purpose, History and Ingredients
    (Karger, 2013) Lippert, Frank; Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry
    Toothpaste is a paste or gel to be used with a toothbrush to maintain and improve oral health and aesthetics. Since their introduction several thousand years ago, toothpaste formulations have evolved considerably – from suspensions of crushed egg shells or ashes to complex formulations with often more than 20 ingredients. Among these can be compounds to combat dental caries, gum disease, malodor, calculus, erosion and dentin hypersensitivity. Furthermore, toothpastes contain abrasives to clean and whiten teeth, flavors for the purpose of breath freshening and dyes for better visual appeal. Effective toothpastes are those that are formulated for maximum bioavailability of their actives. This, however, can be challenging as compromises will have to be made when several different actives are formulated in one phase. Toothpaste development is by no means complete as many challenges and especially the poor oral substantivity of most active ingredients are yet to overcome.