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Item A 9.8 Mb deletion at 7q31.2q31.31 downstream of FOXP2 in an individual with speech and language impairment suggests a possible positional effect(Wiley, 2022-11-19) Iwata-Otsubo, Aiko; Klee, Victoria H.; Ahmad, Aaliya A.; Walsh, Laurence E.; Breman, Amy M.; Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineHaploinsufficiency of FOXP2 causes FOXP2-related speech and language disorder. We report a 9.8 Mb deletion downstream of FOXP2 in a girl with speech and language impairment, developmental delay, and other features. We propose involvement of FOXP2 in pathogenesis of these phenotypes, likely due to positional effects on the gene.Item The Influence of Christian Nationalism on U.S. Public Educators' Speech: Implications from Meriwether vs. Hartop(MDPI, 2021-12) Nguyen, David Hoa Khoa; Price, Jeremy F.; Alwan, Duaa H.; School of EducationPublic school educators must navigate very complex intersections of the First Amendment’s Establishment, Free Exercise, and Free Speech clauses. The 6th Circuit’s ruling in Meriwether vs. Hartop created a slippery slope that could create a hostile learning environment and be discriminatory speech while trying to balance public-school educators’ sincerely held religious beliefs. This article examines the Meriwether case and court ruling while providing a background of U.S. Christian nationalism and its implications in American public education.Item Language and hope in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders(Elsevier, 2016-11) Bonfils, Kelsey A.; Luther, Lauren; Firmin, Ruth L.; Lysaker, Paul H.; Minor, Kyle S.; Salyers, Michelle P.; Department of Psychology, School of ScienceHope is integral to recovery for those with schizophrenia. Considering recent advancements in the examination of clients’ lexical qualities, we were interested in how clients’ words reflect hope. Using computerized lexical analysis, we examined social, emotion, and future words’ relations to hope and its pathways and agency components. Forty-five clients provided detailed narratives about their life and mental illness. Transcripts were analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (LIWC), which assigns words to categories (e.g., “anxiety”) based on a pre-existing dictionary. Correlations and linear multiple regression were used to examine relationships between lexical qualities and hope. Hope and its subcomponents had significant or trending bivariate correlations in expected directions with several emotion-related word categories (anger and sadness) but were not associated with expected categories such as social words, positive emotions, optimism, achievement, and future words. In linear multiple regressions, no LIWC variable significantly predicted hope agency, but anger words significantly predicted both total hope and hope pathways. Our findings indicate lexical analysis tools can be used to investigate recovery-oriented concepts such as hope, and results may inform clinical practice. Future research should aim to replicate our findings in larger samples.Item Lexical Analysis in Schizophrenia: How Emotion and Social Word Use Informs Our Understanding of Clinical Presentation(Elsevier, 2015-05) Minor, Kyle S.; Bonfils, Kelsey A.; Luther, Lauren; Firmin, Ruth L.; Kukla, Marina; MacLain, Victoria R.; Buck, Benjamin; Lysaker, Paul H.; Salyers, Michelle P.; Department of Psychology, IU School of ScienceBackground The words people use convey important information about internal states, feelings, and views of the world around them. Lexical analysis is a fast, reliable method of assessing word use that has shown promise for linking speech content, particularly in emotion and social categories, with psychopathological symptoms. However, few studies have utilized lexical analysis instruments to assess speech in schizophrenia. In this exploratory study, we investigated whether positive emotion, negative emotion, and social word use was associated with schizophrenia symptoms, metacognition, and general functioning in a schizophrenia cohort. Methods Forty-six participants generated speech during a semi-structured interview, and word use categories were assessed using a validated lexical analysis measure. Trained research staff completed symptom, metacognition, and functioning ratings using semi-structured interviews. Results Word use categories significantly predicted all variables of interest, accounting for 28% of the variance in symptoms and 16% of the variance in metacognition and general functioning. Anger words, a subcategory of negative emotion, significantly predicted greater symptoms and lower functioning. Social words significantly predicted greater metacognition. Conclusions These findings indicate that lexical analysis instruments have the potential to play a vital role in psychosocial assessments of schizophrenia. Future research should replicate these findings and examine the relationship between word use and additional clinical variables across the schizophrenia-spectrum.Item Measuring disorganized speech in schizophrenia: automated analysis explains variance in cognitive deficits beyond clinician-rated scales(Cambridge, 2018) Minor, Kyle S.; Willits, J. A.; Marggraf, Matthew P.; Jones, Michael N.; Lysaker, Paul H.; Psychology, School of ScienceBackground Conveying information cohesively is an essential element of communication that is disrupted in schizophrenia. These disruptions are typically expressed through disorganized symptoms, which have been linked to neurocognitive, social cognitive, and metacognitive deficits. Automated analysis can objectively assess disorganization within sentences, between sentences, and across paragraphs by comparing explicit communication to a large text corpus. Method Little work in schizophrenia has tested: (1) links between disorganized symptoms measured via automated analysis and neurocognition, social cognition, or metacognition; and (2) if automated analysis explains incremental variance in cognitive processes beyond clinician-rated scales. Disorganization was measured in schizophrenia (n = 81) with Coh-Metrix 3.0, an automated program that calculates basic and complex language indices. Trained staff also assessed neurocognition, social cognition, metacognition, and clinician-rated disorganization. Results Findings showed that all three cognitive processes were significantly associated with at least one automated index of disorganization. When automated analysis was compared with a clinician-rated scale, it accounted for significant variance in neurocognition and metacognition beyond the clinician-rated measure. When combined, these two methods explained 28–31% of the variance in neurocognition, social cognition, and metacognition. Conclusions This study illustrated how automated analysis can highlight the specific role of disorganization in neurocognition, social cognition, and metacognition. Generally, those with poor cognition also displayed more disorganization in their speech—making it difficult for listeners to process essential information needed to tie the speaker's ideas together. Our findings showcase how implementing a mixed-methods approach in schizophrenia can explain substantial variance in cognitive processes.