Browsing by Subject "saliva"
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Item Can Salivary Innate Immune Molecules Provide Clue on Taste Dysfunction in COVID-19?(Frontiers, 2021-10) Ermel, Aaron; Thyvalikakath, Thankam Paul; Foroud, Tatiana; Khan, Babar; Srinivasan, Mythily; Medicine, School of MedicineEmerging concerns following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) pandemic are the long-term effects of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. Dysgeusia in COVID-19 is supported by the abundant expression of the entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), in the oral mucosa. The invading virus perturbs the commensal biofilm and regulates the host responses that permit or suppress viral infection. We correlated the microbial recognition receptors and soluble ACE2 (sACE2) with the SARS-CoV2 measures in the saliva of COVID-19 patients. Data indicate that the toll-like receptor-4, peptidoglycan recognition protein, and sACE2 are elevated in COVID-19 saliva and correlate moderately with the viral load.Item The effects of salivas on occlusal forces(Wiley, 2015-05) McCrea, Emily S.; Katona, Thomas R.; Eckert, George J.; Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, IU School of DentistryContacting surfaces of opposing teeth produce friction that, when altered, changes the contact force direction and/or magnitude. As friction can be influenced by several factors, including lubrication and the contacting materials, the aim of this study was to measure the occlusal load alterations experienced by teeth with the introduction of different salivas and dental restorative materials. Pairs of molar teeth were set into occlusion with a weighted maxillary tooth mounted onto a vertical sliding assembly and the mandibular tooth supported by a load cell. The load components on the mandibular tooth were measured with three opposing pairs of dental restorative materials (plastic denture, all-ceramic and stainless steel), four (human and three artificial) salivas and 16 occlusal configurations. All lateral force component measurements were significantly different (P < 0·0001) from the dry (control) surface regardless of the crown material or occlusal configuration, while the effects of the artificial salivas compared to each other and to human saliva depended on the crown material.Item Fluoride concentration in saliva and biofilm fluid following the application of three fluoride varnishes(Elsevier, 2017-05) Al Dehailan, Laila; Lippert, Frank; González-Cabezas, C.; Eckert, George J.; Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles; Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of DentistryObjective Most of the commercially available fluoride varnishes (FV) have not been evaluated for their cariostatic properties. Consequently, the aim of this in vivo study was to investigate intra-oral fluoride retention and clearance patterns from three different FV. Methods Eighteen subjects (7–11 years) participated in a laboratory analyst-blinded, randomized, crossover study comparing the ability of 5% sodium fluoride varnishes (CavityShield-CS, Enamel Pro-EP, Vanish-V) to enhance fluoride concentrations in biofilm fluid, centrifuged and whole saliva over a period of 48 h after a single FV application. Results Similar fluoride concentration × time patterns were noted for all investigated FV and studied variables, with the highest fluoride concentrations observed for the first biological sample collected after FV application (30 min). Mean ± SE (area under fluoride clearance curve) values were (μg F/g or ml × min): biofilm fluid − CS (472 ± 191), EP (423 ± 75), V (1264 ± 279); centrifuged saliva − CS (42 ± 7), EP (19 ± 3), V (41 ± 8); whole saliva − CS (68 ± 11), EP (64 ± 10), V (60 ± 7). V delivered more fluoride to biofilm fluid than CS (p = 0.0116) and EP (p = 0.0065), which did not differ (p = 0.27). For centrifuged saliva, CS and V were not significantly different (p = 0.86), but resulted in higher fluoride retention than EP (p < 0.0008). No significant differences among FV were observed for whole saliva (p = 0.79). Conclusion The present study has shown that FV vary in their ability to deliver fluoride intra-orally potentially related to formulation differences. To what extent the present findings relate to clinical efficacy remains, however, to be determined. Clinical significance Clinical research that investigates fluoride release patterns into saliva and biofilm fluid from different FV products is insufficient. More research is needed to investigate different FV formulations for their efficacy in order to help clinicians make better evidence based treatment choices.Item The roles of wedging and friction in the mechanics of dental occlusal contacts(2019-04) Katona, Thomas R.; Eckert, George J.Objective: The primary aim of this project is to elucidate the basic mechanical engineering principles that govern and explain unexpected and counter-intuitive occlusal contact force measurements. Methods: Forces were measured on matched pairs of first molar denture, ceramic and stainless steel crowns during occlusion and disclusion, with human saliva and dry (control). The weighted maxillary assembly, guided by a precision slide, was lowered onto, and raised from, the mandibular crown. The forces experienced by the mandibular tooth were continuously measured by the load cell that supported it. Statistical analyses included LOESS smoothing splines and generalized additive models. Principles of basic statics and classic friction were applied to explain and validate the results. Results: It was determined that within the span of a single chomp, the in-occlusal plane force component (Flateral) on the tooth is highly variable in direction and/or magnitude. The most salient observations were that Flateral was higher in disclusion than in occlusion, and the largest Flateral did not necessarily occur when the bite force was maximum. Furthermore, saliva significantly affected the results. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that contacting teeth experience complex transient mechanical environments that can be readily explained with elementary engineering principles involving wedging and friction at the occlusal contacts.Item Soluble toll like receptor 2 (TLR-2) is increased in saliva of children with dental caries(2014-08) Zhao, Alyssa; Blackburn, Corinne; Chin, Judith; Srinivasan, MythilyBackground Dental caries is the most common microbial disease affecting mankind. Caries risk assessment methods, identification of biomarkers and vaccine development strategies are being emphasized to control the incidence of the largely preventable disease. Pattern recognition receptors such as the toll like receptors (TLR) have been implicated as modulators of host-microbial interactions. Soluble TLR-2 and its co-receptor, CD14 identified in saliva can bind the cell wall components of cariogenic bacteria and modulate the disease process. The objective of this study is to determine the potential of salivary sTLR-2 and sCD14 as biomarkers of caries activity and indirect measures of the cariogenic bacterial burden. Methods Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from twenty caries free and twenty caries active children between the ages of 5 and 13 years. The concentration of sCD14 and sTLR-2 together with that of the cytokine IL-8 reported to be increased in dental caries was assessed by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results While the level of sCD14 and that of IL-8 was equivocal between the two groups, the sTLR-2 concentration in caries active saliva was significantly higher than that in caries free saliva. Conclusions The sTLR-2 in saliva could serve as a potential biomarker for caries activity.Item Susceptibility of partially desalivated rats to erosive tooth wear by calcium-supplemented beverages(Wiley, 2017) Aldosari, Mohammad; Scaramucci, Tais; Liu, Sean Shih-Yao; Warrick-Polackoff, Janice M.; Eckert, George J.; Hara, Anderson T.; Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of DentistryObjectives To investigate the susceptibility of partially desalivated rats to erosive tooth wear (ETW); the anti-erosive effect of a calcium-supplemented beverage; and the quantification of ETW by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Methods The study population consisted of thirty-eight rats, divided into partially desalivated (n = 19) and normal salivary flow (n = 19). They were randomly allocated into three subgroups (n = 6–7): A-diet soda, B-diet soda + calcium, C-water (control). Solutions were provided ad libitum for 28 days, and the rats were euthanized afterwards. Each left hemi-mandible was scanned using micro-CT for enamel volume (three molars) calculation. Visual analysis of photographs of the lingual surface of first molars was performed independently by three blinded examiners. Data were statistically analysed (α = .05). Results Micro-CT revealed no significant differences between partially desalivated or normal groups. Rats consuming A had more enamel loss than those consuming B or C, which did not differ from each other. For visual analysis, desalivation did not affect ETW. Rats consuming C showed the lowest ETW, followed by B and then A, for both partially desalivated and normal rats. Spearman correlation between the two ETW quantification methods was −.65. Conclusions Partial desalivation did not increase ETW. Ca-containing beverage prevented ETW. Micro-CT quantified ETW, although it was not as sensitive as visual analysis.Item The role of lead and cadmium in deciduous teeth and saliva on dental caries in children residing in Tehran, Iran(Elsevier, 2023-09) Motevasselian, Fariba; Abdi, Khosro; Ghodarati, Hoda; Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza; Lippert, Frank; Hessari, Hossein; Biomedical and Applied Sciences, School of DentistryBackground Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) are important environmental contaminants. There is no biological monitoring of exposure to these heavy metals and their potential effect on dental caries in children in Tehran, Iran, a polluted megacity. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential association between Pb and Cd levels in primary teeth and saliva and dental caries. Methods In a cross-sectional design, 211 children aged 6–11 years referred to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry and residing in Tehran were examined. Pb and Cd levels of exfoliated primary teeth and stimulated saliva were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Dental caries prevalence was evaluated according to WHO criteria. Socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior, snacking frequency and salivary pH data were acquired as confounding factors. Frequency and percentages were reported for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables, and geometric mean for skewed continuous variables. A simple linear regression and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analyses. P-values < 0.05 were considered as significant. Result The mean (95 % confidence interval) Pb and Cd levels in teeth were 213.26 ppb (164.29–274.84) and 23.75 ppb (20.86–27.05), respectively. The mean Pb and Cd levels in saliva were 11.83 ppb (10.71–13.06) and 3.18 ppb (2.69–3.75), respectively. Furthermore, Pb and Cd in primary teeth and saliva were not associated (p > 0.05) with socioeconomic status, oral hygiene behavior and snacking frequency Conclusion This study showed no association between Pb and Cd concentrations in primary teeth and in saliva with dental caries prevalence.