Browsing by Subject "resource allocation"
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Item Epidemiology of Pediatric Critical Care Admissions in 43 United States Children’s Hospitals, 2014-2019(Wolters Kluwer, 2022-07) Heneghan, Julia A.; Rogerson , Colin; Goodman, Denise M.; Hall, Matt; Kohne, Joseph G.; Kane, Jason M.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineOBJECTIVES: To identify trends in the population of patients in PICUs over time. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric Health Information System database. SETTING: Forty-three U.S. children’s hospitals. PATIENTS: All patients admitted to Pediatric Health Information System-participating hospitals from January 2014 to December 2019. Individuals greater than 65 years old and normal newborns were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: PICU care occurred in 13.8% of all pediatric hospital encounters and increased over the study period from 13.3% to 14.3%. Resource intensity, based on average Hospitalization Resource Intensity Scores for Kids score, increased significantly across epochs (6.5 in 2014–2015 vs 6.9 in 2018–2019; p < 0.001), although this was not consistently manifested as additional procedural exposure. Geometric mean PICU cost per patient encounter was stable. The two most common disease categories in PICU patients were respiratory failure and cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies. Of all PICU encounters, 35.5% involved mechanical ventilation, and 25.9% involved vasoactive infusions. Hospital-level variation in the percentage of days spent in the PICU ranged from 15.1% to 63.5% across the participating sites. Of the total hospital costs for patients admitted to the PICU, 41.7% of costs were accrued during the patients’ PICU stay. CONCLUSIONS: The proportional use of PICU beds is increasing over time, although was variable across centers. Case-based resource use and complexity of pediatric patients are also increasing. Despite the higher use of PICU resources, the standardized costs of PICU care per patient encounter have remained stable. These data may help to inform current PICU resource allocation and future PICU capacity planning.Item Incentive Mechanism Design for Joint Resource Allocation in Blockchain-Based Federated Learning(IEEE, 2023-05) Wang, Zhilin; Hu, Qin; Li, Ruinian; Xu, Minghui; Xiong, Zehui; Computer and Information Science, Purdue School of ScienceBlockchain-based federated learning (BCFL) has recently gained tremendous attention because of its advantages, such as decentralization and privacy protection of raw data. However, there has been few studies focusing on the allocation of resources for the participated devices (i.e., clients) in the BCFL system. Especially, in the BCFL framework where the FL clients are also the blockchain miners, clients have to train the local models, broadcast the trained model updates to the blockchain network, and then perform mining to generate new blocks. Since each client has a limited amount of computing resources, the problem of allocating computing resources to training and mining needs to be carefully addressed. In this paper, we design an incentive mechanism to help the model owner (MO) (i.e., the BCFL task publisher) assign each client appropriate rewards for training and mining, and then the client will determine the amount of computing power to allocate for each subtask based on these rewards using the two-stage Stackelberg game. After analyzing the utilities of the MO and clients, we transform the game model into two optimization problems, which are sequentially solved to derive the optimal strategies for both the MO and clients. Further, considering the fact that local training related information of each client may not be known by others, we extend the game model with analytical solutions to the incomplete information scenario. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the validity of our proposed schemes.Item Resource Optimization for Blockchain-Based Federated Learning in Mobile Edge Computing(IEEE, 2024-05) Wang, Zhilin; Hu, Qin; Xiong, Zehui; Computer and Information Science, Purdue School of ScienceWith the booming of mobile edge computing (MEC) and blockchain-based blockchain-based federated learning (BCFL), more studies suggest deploying BCFL on edge servers. In this case, edge servers with restricted resources face the dilemma of serving both mobile devices for their offloading tasks and the BCFL system for model training and blockchain consensus without sacrificing the service quality to any side. To address this challenge, this article proposes a resource allocation scheme for edge servers to provide optimal services at the minimum cost. Specifically, we first analyze the energy consumption of the MEC and BCFL tasks, considering the completion time of each task as the service quality constraint. Then, we model the resource allocation challenge into a multivariate, multiconstraint, and convex optimization problem. While solving the problem in a progressive manner, we design two algorithms based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMMs) in both homogeneous and heterogeneous situations, where equal and on-demand resource distribution strategies are, respectively, adopted. The validity of our proposed algorithms is proved via rigorous theoretical analysis. Moreover, the convergence and efficiency of our proposed resource allocation schemes are evaluated through extensive experiments.Item The timing versus resource problem in nonnative sentence processing: Evidence from a time-frequency analysis of anaphora resolution in successive wh-movement in native and nonnative speakers of French(PLOS, 2023-01) Dekydtspotter, Laurent; Miller, A. Kate; Iverson, Mike; Xiong, Yanyu; Swanson, Kyle; Gilbert, Charlène; World Languages and Cultures, School of Liberal ArtsNonnative processing has been argued to reflect either reduced processing capacity or delayed timing of structural analysis compared to the extraction of lexical/semantic information. The current study simultaneously investigates timing and resource allocation through a time-frequency analysis of the intrinsic neural activity during syntactic processing in native and English-speaking nonnative speakers of French. It involved structurally constrained anaphora resolution in bi-clausal wh-filler-gap dependencies such as Quelle décision à propos de lui est-ce que Paul a dit que Lydie avait rejetée sans hésitation? ‘Which decision about him did Paul say that Lydie rejected without hesitation?’. We tested the hypothesis that nonnative speakers may allocate greater resources than native speakers to the computation of syntactic representations based on the grammatical specifications encoded in lexical entries, though both native and nonnative processing involves the immediate application of structural constraints. This distinct resource allocation is likely to arise in response to higher activation thresholds for nonnative knowledge acquired after the first language grammar has been fully acquired. To examine this bias in nonnative neurocognitive processing, we manipulated the wh-filler to contain either a lexically specified noun complement such as à propos de lui ‘about him’ or a non-lexcially specified noun phrase modifier such as le concernant ‘concerning him’. We focused on processing at the intermediate gap site, that is, the point of information exchange between the matrix and the embedded clauses by adopting a measurement window corresponding to the bridge verb dit ‘said’ and subordinator que ‘that’ introducing the embedded clause. Our results showed that structural constraints on anaphora produced event-related spectral perturbations at 13-14Hz early into the presentation of the bridge verb across groups. An interaction of structural constraints on anaphora with group was found at 18-19Hz early into the presentation of the bridge verb. In this interaction, the nonnative-speaker activity at 18-19Hz echoed the concurrent general patterns at 13-14Hz, whereas the native-speaker activity revealed distinct power at 18-19Hz and at 13-14Hz. There was no evidence of delay of structural constraints on intermediate gaps with respect to lexical access to the bridge verb and subordinator. However, nonnative speakers’ allocation of power in cell assembly synchronizations of fillers and gaps at the intermediate gap site reflected the grammatical specifications lexically encoded in the fillers.Item Wanted! A Mathematician(SSCA, 2020) Sarkar, Jyotirmoy; Mathematical Sciences, School of ScienceHow will a mathematician identify a single poisonous bottle of wine from among 1000, if she is permitted only one opportunity to make the fewest number of test subjects drink small extracts from these bottles?