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Item A qualitative grounded theory study of Saudi female students: reentry, re-adaptation, and cultural integration(2017-01) Alamri, Wejdan; Goering, Elizabeth; Parrish-Sprowl, John; Bute, JenniferSince the King Abdullah Scholarship Program was initiated in 2006, more than 50,000 Saudi women are studying abroad. Each year hundreds of Saudi female students are returning every year from a study abroad experience from a western country. However, there is a lack of research examining their reentry experience and its effect on their re-adaptation and cultural integration. This study analyzes how the participants adapted the learned skills and communication style from the host culture to their home culture. Qualitative methods were used to explore the re-adaptation and cultural integration experience of the reentry experience. In-depth interviews were conducted with twelve returned Saudi female students. Grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the interviews, with Kim’s (2001) integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation (ITCCA) providing the theoretical framework for the analysis. This research provided an insight into the Saudi women experience, by examining their pre-entry characteristics, intercultural transformation, communication competence, and the formation of their intercultural personhood. Further, to help minimize the returners’ challenges and maximize their benefits. The reentry consolation program and reentry-training program that I proposed would help the returners understand the faced challenges to better adjust and grow in their home culture. Also, it will help the returners reflect in their professional lives and better understand their work environment to help enhance and integrate their skills to maximize their productivity.Item Small Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Current is Activated During Hypokalemia and Masks Short Term Cardiac Memory Induced by Ventricular Pacing.(AHA, 2015-10-13) Chan, Yi-Hsin; Tsai, Wei-Chung; Ko, Jum-Suk; Yin, Dechun; Chang, Po-Cheng; Rubart, Michael; Weiss, James N.; Everett, Thomas; Lin, Shien-Fong; Chen, Peng-Sheng; Department of Medicine, IU School of MedicineBackground: Hypokalemia increases the vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation (VF). We hypothesize that the apamin-sensitive small conductance calcium-activated potassium current (IKAS) is activated during hypokalemia and that IKAS blockade is proarrhythmic. Methods and Results: Optical mapping was performed in 23 Langendorff perfused rabbit ventricles with atrioventricular block and either right ventricular (RV) or left ventricular (LV) pacing during normokalemia or hypokalemia. Apamin prolonged the action potential duration (APD) measured to 80% repolarization (APD80) by 26 ms [95% confidence interval, CI, 14–37] during normokalemia and by 54 ms [CI, 40 to 68] during hypokalemia (P=0.01) at 1000 ms pacing cycle length (PCL). In hypokalemic ventricles, apamin increased the maximal slope of APD restitution, the PCL threshold of APD alternans, the PCL for wavebreak induction and the area of spatially discordant APD alternans. Apamin significantly facilitated the induction of sustained VF (from 3/9 hearts to 9/9 hearts, P=0.009). Short term cardiac memory was assessed by the slope of APD80 versus activation time. The slope increased from 0.01 [CI, −0.09 to 0.12] at baseline to 0.34 [CI, 0.23 to 0.44] after apamin (P<0.001) during RV pacing, and from 0.07 [CI, −0.05 to 0.20] to 0.54 [CI, 0.06 to 1.03] after apamin infusion (P=0.045) during LV pacing. Patch-clamp studies confirmed increased IKASin isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes during hypokalemia (P=0.038). Conclusions: Hypokalemia activates IKAS to shorten APD and maintain repolarization reserve at late activation sites during ventricular pacing. IKAS blockade prominently lengthens the APD at late activation sites and facilitates VF induction.