Browsing by Subject "racial disparities"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    Age, Sex, and Racial Differences in Neuroimaging Use in Acute Stroke: A Population-Based Study
    (2017-10) Vagal, A.; Sanelli, P.; Sucharew, H.; Alwell, K. A.; Khoury, J. C.; Khatri, P.; Woo, D.; Flaherty, M.; Kissela, B. M.; Adeoye, O.; Ferioli, S.; De Los Rios La Rosa, F.; Martini, S.; Mackey, Jason; Kleindorfer, D.; Neurology, School of Medicine
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Limited information is available regarding differences in neuroimaging use for acute stroke work-up. Our objective was to assess whether race, sex, or age differences exist in neuroimaging use and whether these differences depend on the care center type in a population-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) and transient ischemic attack were identified in a metropolitan, biracial population using the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study in 2005 and 2010. Multivariable regression was used to determine the odds of advanced imaging use (CT angiography/MR imaging/MR angiography) for race, sex, and age. RESULTS: In 2005 and 2010, there were 3471 and 3431 stroke/TIA events, respectively. If one adjusted for covariates, the odds of advanced imaging were higher for younger (55 years or younger) compared with older patients, blacks compared with whites, and patients presenting to an academic center and those seen by a stroke team or neurologist. The observed association between race and advanced imaging depended on age; in the older age group, blacks had higher odds of advanced imaging compared with whites (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.12–1.61; P < .01), and in the younger group, the association between race and advanced imaging was not statistically significant. Age by race interaction persisted in the academic center subgroup (P < .01), but not in the nonacademic center subgroup (P = .58). No significant association was found between sex and advanced imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Within a large, biracial stroke/TIA population, there is variation in the use of advanced neuroimaging by age and race, depending on the care center type.
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    The availability, price and quality of food items in diverse food retail outlets
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2011-04-08) Mushi-Brunt, Christina; Virgil, Kisha; Agbonhese, Joy
    Despite large-scale, nationwide health promotion efforts, researchers continue to report socioeconomic and racial disparities in the prevalence of chronic disease, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity and certain cancers. One possible explanation for these disparities may be found in examining the retail food environment in which healthy food choices are made by individuals. The local food environment can strongly influence the dietary choices made by individuals. Low-income residents have reported factors such as limited access to health food options and the high cost and low quality of the available food items within their communities as important barriers to consuming a healthy diet. Recent studies have shown direct correlations between a healthy diet and access to retail food outlets such as supermarkets and grocery stores. However, there are few studies that have directly assessed the availability, price and quality of foods sold in diverse types of food retail outlets and identified differences between and among the various types of outlets. Fewer still are studies that have identified these food item characteristics based on recommendations specific to cancer prevention. This study identifies the availability, price and quality of foods recommended by the American Cancer Society for a healthy diet in the food retail outlets of Marion County, Indiana and determines if differences exist in these characteristics between and within store types and community deprivation. In 2010 144 food retail outlets (supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and ethnic grocers) were assessed through direct observation by trained researchers using a validated food retail outlet audit tool. Food items included fresh, frozen and canned produce; dry goods; fresh meats; dairy; and refrigerated foods. The price of specific food items with each food category was assessed. Quality was assessed for fresh produce category only. The environmental characteristics of the stores, including cleanliness, safety features, and the presence of health promotion message (e.g. 5-a-Day for Better Health logo) was also assessed. Each food retail outlet was characterized as being in a “high deprivation” or “low deprivation” community. Type of community was determined from a composite of socioeconomic characteristics using 2000 census block group data. This presentation provides a summary of key research findings and highlights suggested translation of the research findings into health promotion practice and policy. Funding support for this study was provided by the Indiana University American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant. Census data work completed with the assistance of Shawn Hoch, IU School of Medicine.
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    COVID-19 disparity among racial and ethnic minorities in the US: A cross sectional analysis
    (Elsevier, 2020-11) Tirupathi, Raghavendra; Muradova, Valeriia; Shekhar, Raj; Salim, Sohail Abdul; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Palabindala, Venkataraman; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Aim To analyze racial disparities in Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in the United States of America and discuss possible reasons behind this inequality. Subject and methods We obtained estimated case counts of African-American, Caucasian, Native American, Asian and Hispanic individuals with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)infection through May 5, 2020, from publicly available data on state departments of health websites. We calculated race-specific fractions as the percentage of the total population and analyzed the reasons behind this disparity. Results The incident rates of COVID-19 were higher among African Americans and among Latinos disproportionately higher than their representation in 14 states and 9 states, respectively. A similar observation was also reported for New York city. The percentage of deaths reported among African Americans was disproportionately higher than their represented share in the population in 23 out of 35 states. It was reported that 22.4% of COVID-19 deaths in the USA were African American, even though black people make up 13.4% of the USA population. Conclusions The analysis shows the disparity of coronavirus disease outcomes by ethnicity and race. Additional research is needed to determine the factors behind this inequality.
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    Fostering Higher Academic Performance in African American Youth Through Enhanced Self-Efficacy: The Importance of Integrated Racial-Ethnic Identity
    (2021) Kyere, Eric; Fukui, Sadaaki; Holly Jr., James; School of Social Work
    Although the dimensions that constitute racial-ethnic identity (REI) interrelate to affect psychosocial and academic outcomes, few studies have explored the nature (e.g., directionality) of these interrelations in understanding a strong and healthy REI among African American youth in relation to psychosocial and academic outcomes. In the current study, we applied path analysis to investigate the potential mediation effects of private regard in translating the effects of racial centrality and public regard to affect African American youth’s academic performance through self-efficacy. Using a nationally representative sample of African American youth, findings suggest that racial centrality and public regard correlate to affect private regard, controlling for neighborhood safety and sociodemographic backgrounds. Private regard in turn, associated with self-efficacy to affect academic performance measured by GPA. These results indicate the need to investigate the potential mediation effects among REI dimensions to understand the nuanced pathways REI dimensions configure to form a strong and healthy REI to affect psychosocial and academic outcomes among African American youth.