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Item Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials(Elsevier, 2016-08) Zhang, Xi; Li, Yufeng; Del Gobbo, Liana C.; Rosanoff, Andrea; Wang, Jiawei; Zhang, Wen; Song, Yiqing; Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public HealthThe antihypertensive effect of magnesium (Mg) supplementation remains controversial. We aimed to quantify the effect of oral Mg supplementation on blood pressure (BP) by synthesizing available evidence from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. We searched trials of Mg supplementation on normotensive and hypertensive adults published up to February 1, 2016 from MEDLINE and EMBASE databases; 34 trials involving 2028 participants were eligible for this meta-analysis. Weighted mean differences of changes in BP and serum Mg were calculated by random-effects meta-analysis. Mg supplementation at a median dose of 368 mg/d for a median duration of 3 months significantly reduced systolic BP by 2.00 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.43–3.58) and diastolic BP by 1.78 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 0.73–2.82); these reductions were accompanied by 0.05 mmol/L (95% confidence interval, 0.03, 0.07) elevation of serum Mg compared with placebo. Using a restricted cubic spline curve, we found that Mg supplementation with a dose of 300 mg/d or duration of 1 month is sufficient to elevate serum Mg and reduce BP; and serum Mg was negatively associated with diastolic BP but not systolic BP (all P<0.05). In the stratified analyses, a greater reduction in BP tended to be found in trials with high quality or low dropout rate (all P values for interaction <0.05). However, residual heterogeneity may still exist after considering these possible factors. Our findings indicate a causal effect of Mg supplementation on lowering BPs in adults. Further well-designed trials are warranted to validate the BP-lowering efficacy of optimal Mg treatment.Item Intake of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Hoyt, Margaret; Song, Yiqing; Gao, Sujuan; O'Palka, Jacquelynn; Zhang, Jianjun; Epidemiology, School of Public HealthObjectiveFew epidemiological studies have investigated the associations between calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus intake and pancreatic cancer. We examined these associations in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial.MethodsDiet was assessed using the Dietary Questionnaire (DQX) at baseline in the intervention arm and the Dietary History Questionnaire (DHQ) in 1999 or around the third anniversary of randomization in both the intervention and control arms. During a median follow-up of 12.2 years, 279 cases of pancreatic cancer occurred from 58,477 participants who completed DQX; 380 cases arose from 101,622 participants who responded to DHQ over a median follow-up of 8.9 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsTotal calcium intake was inversely associated with pancreatic cancer [HR (95% CI) for the fourth vs. the first quartiles in the DHQ cohort: 0.67 (0.47, 0.96); p-trend: 0.035]. An inverse association was also observed for total magnesium intake [HR (95% CI) for the fourth vs. the first quartiles in the DQX cohort: 0.61 (0.37, 1.00); p-trend: 0.023]. Reduced risk associated with total calcium intake was confined to subjects with a high fat intake (>73 g/day) in the DHQ cohort (p-interaction: 0.16).ConclusionsThere was not a significant association between dietary phosphorus intake and pancreatic cancer risk in both cohorts. Total intake of calcium and magnesium are associated with a lower pancreatic cancer risk. The effect of total calcium intake was modified by fat intake.Item Intakes of magnesium, calcium and risk of fatty liver disease and prediabetes(Cambridge, 2018-08) Li, Wenshuai; Zhu, Xiangzhu; Song, Yiqing; Fan, Lei; Wu, Lijun; Kabagambe, Edmond; Hou, Lifang; Shrubsole, Martha; Liu, Jie; Dai, Qi; Epidemiology, School of Public HealthObjective Obesity and insulin resistance play important roles in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mg intake is linked to a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance; people with NAFLD or alcoholic liver disease are at high risk of Mg deficiency. The present study aimed to investigate whether Mg and Ca intakes were associated with risk of fatty liver disease and prediabetes by alcohol drinking status. Design We analysed the association between Ca or Mg intake and fatty liver disease, prediabetes or both prediabetes and fatty liver disease in cross-sectional analyses. Setting Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) follow-up cohort of US adults. Subjects Nationally representative sample of US adults in NHANES (n 13 489). Results After adjusting for potential confounders, Mg intake was associated with approximately 30 % reduced odds of fatty liver disease and prediabetes, comparing the highest intake quartile v. the lowest. Mg intake may only be related to reduced odds of fatty liver disease and prediabetes in those whose Ca intake is less than 1200 mg/d. Mg intake may also only be associated with reduced odds of fatty liver disease among alcohol drinkers. Conclusions The study suggests that high intake of Mg may be associated with reduced risks of fatty liver disease and prediabetes. Further large studies, particularly prospective cohort studies, are warranted to confirm the findings.Item An investigation into the potential anticaries benefits and contributions to mineral intake of bottled water(Elsevier, 2020-12) Almejrad, Lamya; Levon, John A.; Soto-Rojas, Armando E.; Tang, Qing; Lippert, Frank; Prosthodontics, School of DentistryBACKGROUND: Bottled water has become the most consumed beverage in the United States. The authors aimed to inform the dental profession about the potential anticaries benefits of some bottled waters and to provide information about their possible contributions to fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium intakes. METHODS: The authors chose a convenience sample by purchasing all different bottled waters from the main supermarkets operating in Indianapolis, Indiana. The authors analyzed the fluoride content using a fluoride ion-specific electrode and metal concentrations using atomic absorption spectroscopy. They used dietary reference intakes to calculate hypothetical intakes of all minerals. RESULTS: The authors identified 92 different bottled waters. Fluoride concentrations were generally low (mean, 0.11 parts per million [ppm]; median, 0.04 ppm). Only 2 waters contained more than 0.7 ppm fluoride (0.95 ppm and 1.22 ppm). Metal concentrations varied considerably among waters. Calcium concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 through 360 ppm (mean, 26.9 ppm; median, 5.2 ppm), which were greater than those of magnesium (range, < 0.01-106 ppm; mean, 7.5 ppm; median, 1.9 ppm), sodium (range, < 0.01-109 ppm; mean, 11.1 ppm; median, 2.9 ppm), and potassium (range, < 0.01-43 ppm; mean, 3.6 ppm; median, 1.2 ppm). Overall, most bottled waters do not contribute to adequate intakes of fluoride, potassium, or sodium or to recommended dietary allowances for calcium and magnesium. Nonetheless, some waters can provide meaningful contributions to fluoride, calcium, and magnesium intake. CONCLUSIONS: The fluoride concentration in 90 of the 92 studied bottled waters is insufficient to contribute to caries prevention. Only a few bottled waters can be considered health-promoting. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dental professionals should consider the mineral content of water consumed by their patients during caries risk assessment.