Browsing by Subject "gynecologic cancer"

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    Association between intrauterine device use and endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer: an expert review
    (Elsevier, 2023-08) Minalt, Nicole; Caldwell, Amy; Yedlicka, Grace M.; Joseph, Sophia; Robertson, Sharon E.; Landrum, Lisa M.; Peipert, Jeffrey F.; Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine
    The intrauterine device is one of the most effective forms of contraception. Use of the intrauterine device has increased in the United States over the last 2 decades. Two formulations are commercially available in the United States: the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and the copper intrauterine device. The levonorgestrel intrauterine device releases progestin, causing endometrial suppression and cervical mucus thickening, whereas the primary mechanism of action of the copper intrauterine device is to create a local inflammatory response to prevent fertilization. Whereas the protective effects of combined hormonal contraception against ovarian and endometrial cancer, and of tubal sterilization against ovarian cancer are generally accepted, less is known about the effects of modern intrauterine devices on the development of gynecologic malignancies. The best evidence for a protective effect of intrauterine device use against cancer incidence pertains to levonorgestrel intrauterine devices and endometrial cancer, although studies suggest that both copper intrauterine devices and levonorgestrel intrauterine devices reduce endometrial cancer risk. This is supported by the proposed dual mechanisms of action including both endometrial suppression and a local inflammatory response. Studies on the relationship between intrauterine device use and ovarian cancer risk show conflicting results, although most data suggest reduced risk of ovarian cancer in intrauterine device users. The proposed biological mechanisms of ovarian cancer reduction (foreign-body inflammatory response, increased pH, antiestrogenic effect, ovulation suppression) vary by type of intrauterine device. Whereas it has been well established that use of copper intrauterine devices confers a lower risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasms, the effect of levonorgestrel intrauterine device use on cervical cancer remains unclear. Older studies have linked its use to a higher incidence of cervical dysplasia, but more recent literature has found a decrease in cervical cancer with intrauterine device use. Various mechanisms of protection are postulated, including device-related inflammatory response in the endocervical canal and prostaglandin-mediated immunosurveillance. Overall, the available evidence suggests that both levonorgestrel intrauterine devices and copper intrauterine devices reduce gynecologic cancer risk. Whereas there is support for the reduction of endometrial cancer risk with hormonal and copper intrauterine device use, and reduction of cervical cancer risk with copper intrauterine device use, evidence in support of risk reduction with levonorgestrel intrauterine device use for cervical and ovarian cancers is less consistent.
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    Quality of Life after Palliative Pelvic Exenteration for Gynecologic Malignancy
    (2021-02) Villiger, Nicole; Ivaturi, Samantha; Mishra, Abhipri; Mueller, Melissa
    Case Summary: Patient is a 44yo female with metastatic vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) diagnosed after 1-year history of a vulvar lesion, initially treated with radiation and radical vulvectomy. Following vulvectomy she developed an enlarging chronic wound, exposing her pubic ramus. Biopsies revealed recurrent SCC and osteomyelitis of the pubic ramus. Pain associated with the wound severely limited her ability to sit and ambulate. A tumor board decided to proceed with a palliative total pelvic exenteration 21 months after initial diagnosis of SCC for pain relief, including removal of the uterus, right fallopian tube and ovary, bladder, distal ureters, vagina, rectum, pubic symphysis, and pubic rami. Perineal reconstruction was completed with left pedicled anterolateral thigh flap with pedicled vastus lateralis flap. Unfortunately, she developed severe left hip pain due to persistent osteomyelitis and was diagnosed with locally recurrent SCC a few months after surgery.