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Item Enamel conditioning effect on penetration and microleakage of glass ionemer-based sealants(2009) Ahmed, Senan Raad; Cabezas, Carlos Gonzales; Chu, Tien-Min Gabriel; Fontana, Margherita Ruth, 1966-; Matis, Bruce; Cochran, MichaelWhile most sealants available are resin-based, glass ionomer-based cements can be used as sealants, with the advantage of being more tolerant to moisture during placement and of releasing fluoride. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different fissure conditioning techniques on penetration and microleakage of glass ionomer (GI) and resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGI) used as sealants. Clinically sound extracted human molars were distributed into nine experimental groups (n = 15 each). Group 1 (control) was sealed with resin-based sealant (Delton) following clinically accepted techniques. Groups 2 through 6 were sealed with RMGI (Vitremer) after having the fissure conditioned with either polyacrylic acid (RMGI-control), 35-percent H3PO4, low viscosity 35-percent H3PO4 with a surfactant, self-etch conditioner, or 35-percent H3PO4 followed by self-etch conditioner. Groups 7 through 9 were sealed with GI sealant (Fuji Triage) after having the fissures conditioned with either polyacrylic acid (GI-control), 35- percent H3PO4 or low viscosity 35-percent H3PO4 with a surfactant. After aging through thermocycling (2500 cycles), specimens were incubated in methylene blue for four hours and sectioned at multiple locations. Digital images were obtained using a digital stereomicroscope, and microleakage was determined by scoring the dye penetration along the enamel-sealant interface. The penetration of the material was determined by calculating the percentage of the total length of the fissure penetrated by the material. Results: The use of self etch-conditioner significantly increased RMGI penetration, while surface conditioning with 35-percent phosphoric acid with surfactant significantly decreased microleakage of GI. The resin-based sealant placed after 35-percent phosphoric acid surface conditioning showed the best penetration and the least level of microleakage. In conclusion, results from this study suggest that the placement of glass ionomer-based sealants can be enhanced by modifying current conditioning methods.Item Longevity of Crown Margin Repairs Using Glass Ionomer Cement: A Retrospective Study(Allen Press, 2021-05) Watson, JI; Patel, JS; Ramya, MB; Capin, O; Diefenderfer, KE; Thyvalikakath, TP; Cook, NB; Biology, School of ScienceObjective: The objective of this study was to determine the survival time of crown margin repairs (CMRs) with glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer cements on permanent teeth using electronic dental record (EDR) data. Methods: We queried a database of EDR (axiUm; Exan Group, Coquitlam, BC, Canada) in the Indiana University School of Dentistry (IUSD), Indianapolis, IN, USA, for records of patients who underwent CMRs of permanent teeth at the Graduate Operative Dentistry Clinic. Two examiners developed guidelines for reviewing the records and manually reviewed the clinical notes of patient records to confirm for CMRs. Only records that were confirmed with the presence of CMRs were retained in the final dataset for survival analysis. Survival time was calculated by Kaplan-Meier statistics, and a Cox proportional hazards model was performed to assess the influence of age, gender, and tooth type on survival time (a<0.05). Results: A total of 214 teeth (115 patients) with CMR were evaluated. Patient average age was 69.4 ± 11.7 years old. Posterior teeth accounted for 78.5% (n=168) of teeth treated. CMRs using glass ionomer cements had a 5-year survival rate of 62.9% and an annual failure rate (AFR) of 8.9%. Cox proportional-hazards model revealed that none of the factors examined (age, gender, tooth type) affected time to failure. Conclusion: The results indicate the potential of CMRs for extending the functional life of crowns with defective margins, thus reducing provider and patient burden of replacing an indirect restoration. We recommend future studies with a larger population who received CMR to extend the generalizability of our findings and to determine the influence of factors such as caries risk and severity of defects on survival time.Item Physicomechanical properties of a zinc-reinforced glass ionomer restorative material(2014) Al-Angari, Sarah S.; Hara, Anderson T.; Chu, Tien-Min; Platt, Jeffrey; Eckert, George; Cook, N. Blaine; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of DentistryWe compared a zinc-reinforced glass ionomer restorative material (ChemFil Rock) with three commercially available glass ionomer cements (GICs), namely, Fuji IX GP Extra, Ketac Molar Quick Aplicap, and EQUIA Fil, with respect to fracture toughness, microhardness, roughness, and abrasive wear. Fracture toughness (KIC) was tested according to ISO 13586 (n = 10). Hardness, roughness, and abrasive wear were also tested (n = 9). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with adjustment for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05). As compared with the other GICs ChemFil Rock exhibited a greater increase in surface roughness (P < 0.05) and lower microhardness (P < 0.01). The wear resistance of ChemFil Rock was comparable to that of the other GICs (P > 0.05). ChemFil Rock had significantly lower fracture toughness as compared with EQUIA Fil (P = 0.01) and significantly higher fracture toughness as compared with the other GICs (P < 0.02). In conclusion, as compared with the three other commercially available GICs, ChemFil Rock had intermediate fracture toughness, the lowest microhardness, and the greatest change in surface roughness.