Browsing by Subject "drugs"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Development of a Modified Lymphocyte Transformation Test for Diagnosing Drug Induced Liver Injury Associated with an Adaptive Immune Response
    (Taylor & Francis, 2017-12) Whritenour, Jessica; Ko, Mira; Zong, Qing; Wang, Jianying; Tartaro, Karrie; Schneider, Patricia; Olson, Ellen; Van Volkenburg, Maria; Serrano, Jose; Hayashi, Paul; Fontana, Robert; Chalasani, Naga; Bonkovsky, Herbert L.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a growing problem. Diagnostic methods to differentiate DILI caused by an adaptive immune response from liver injury of other causes or to identify the responsible drug in patients receiving multiple drugs, herbals, and/or dietary supplements (polypharmacy) have not yet been established. The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) has been proposed as a diagnostic method to determine if a subject with an apparent hypersensitivity reaction has become sensitized to a specific drug. In this test, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from a subject are incubated with drug(s) suspected of causing the reaction. Cell proliferation, measured by the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into new DNA, is considered evidence of a drug-specific immune response. The objectives of the current studies were to: 1) develop and optimize a modified version of the LTT (mLTT) and 2) investigate the feasibility of using the mLTT for diagnosing DILI associated with an adaptive immune response and identifying the responsible drug. PBMC collected from donors with a history of drug hypersensitivity reactions to specific drugs (manifested as skin rash) were used as positive controls for assay optimization. Following optimization, samples collected from 24 subjects enrolled in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) were tested in the mLTT. Using cytokine and granzyme B production as the primary endpoints to demonstrate lymphocyte sensitization to a specific drug, most samples from the DILIN subjects failed to respond. However, robust positive mLTT responses were observed for two of four samples from three DILIN subjects with hepatitis due to isoniazid (INH). We conclude that the mLTT, as performed here on frozen and thawed PBMC, is not a reliable test for diagnosing DILI caused by all drugs, but that it may be useful for confirming the role of the adaptive immune response in DILI ascribed to INH.
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    Inhibiting oestrogen signalling in pulmonary arterial hypertension: sex, drugs and research
    (European Respiratory Society, 2017-08-03) Lahm, Tim; Kawut, Steven M.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a sexually dimorphic disease that affects women more than men. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies identified 17β-oestradiol (E2), the most abundant female sex hormone, and/or its metabolite 16α-hydroxyoestrone as disease mediators in PAH (reviewed by Lahm et al. [1], and Foderaro and Venteuolo [2]). A recent case–control study even demonstrated significantly higher levels of E2 in men with PAH compared to controls [3]., Inhibition of oestrogen signalling in PAH is currently being studied clinically but several questions remain http://ow.ly/G7xK30cPN5M
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    Injection Drug Use in Indiana: A Major Risk for HIV Transmission
    (Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 2016-01) Kooreman, Harold; Greene, Marion
    Illicit drug use is a significant public health issue. In 2014, approximately 27 million people, or 10.2 percent of the United States population 12 years of age or older, were currently using some type of illicit substance, while 7.1 million people 12 years of age or older could be classified as either abusing or being dependent on an illicit drug.
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    Medicated-Assisted Treatment in Indiana
    (Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 2019-03) Kooreman, Harold
    Opioid misuse and addiction continues to affect many Americans. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) using methadone, buprenorphine, or extended-release naltrexone in combination with behavioral therapy is the most effective intervention for opioid use disorders (OUDs). Despite its effectiveness, methadone to treat OUDs is not widely available. Buprenorphine is more accessible, as it can be prescribed by medical doctors, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants who have received specialized training and obtained a waiver from the DEA. Naltrexone is a non-narcotic and can be prescribed by any healthcare professional who has prescription privileges.
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    Substance Abuse Trends in Indiana: A 10-Year Perspective
    (Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 2017-04) Balio, Casey; Greene, Marion
    Substance use is a significant public health problem in the United States. Excessive use of alcohol and drugs has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular conditions; injuries and motor vehicle crashes; sexually transmitted and blood-borne illnesses, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C, resulting from risky sexual behaviors and/or injection drug use; pregnancy complications and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS); and drug overdoses.
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    The Consumption and Consequences of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs in Indiana: A State Epidemiological Profile 2011
    (Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 2011) Wright, Eric; Greene, Marion; Kooreman, Harold; Williams, Matthew John
    This report represents the sixth official State Epidemiological Profile completed by the State Epidemiology and Outcomes Workgroup (SEOW). As we have in past years, we updated the core set of analyses to reflect the most recent data available. In order to make the report most useful for state and local policymakers and service providers, we present detailed information and descriptive analyses regarding the patterns and consequences of substance use both for the state and, whenever possible, each of Indiana’s 92 counties.