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Item Adversity in Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development: Evidence From Four Developing Countries(Frontiers, 2022-12-12) Manalew, W. Samuel; Tennekoon, Vidhura S.; Lee, Jusung; O'Connell, Bethesda; Quinn, Megan; Economics, School of Liberal ArtsObjectives: We investigated whether adverse experiences at age 1 (AE-1) affect the level of and change in cognition during childhood using harmonized data from four developing countries. Methods: Data included children born in 2001/2002 and were followed longitudinally in 2006/2007 and in 2009/2010 by Young Lives study in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Childhood cognition was measured using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) at ages 5 (PPVT-5) and 8 (PPVT-8). We also examined the effect on a change in cognition between age 5–8 (PPVT-Change). The AE-1 scores were constructed using survey responses at age 1. The ordinary least squares regression was used for estimation. Results: We found that children with higher adversities as infants had lower cognition scores at ages 5 and 8. The change in cognition between the two ages was also generally smaller for those with severe adversities at infancy. The negative association between adversities and childhood cognition was strongest for India. Conclusion: The results provide policy relevant information for mitigation of undesirable consequences of early life adversities through timely interventions.Item African Head and Neck Society Clinical Practice guidelines for thyroid nodules and cancer in developing countries and limited resource settings(Wiley, 2020-08) Zafereo, Mark; Yu, Justin; Onakoya, Paul A.; Aswani, Joyce; Baidoo, Kenneth; Bogale, Mesele; Cairncross, Lydia; Cordes, Susan; Daniel, Adekunle; Diom, Evelyne; Maurice, Mpessa E.; Mohammed, Garba M.; Biadgelign, Melesse G.; Koné, Fatogoma I.; Itiere, Arnaud; Koch, Wayne; Konney, Anna; Kundiona, Innocent; Macharia, Chege; Mashamba, Victor; Moore, Michael G.; Mugabo, Rajab M.; Noah, Patrick; Omutsani, Mary; Orloff, Lisa A.; Otiti, Jeffrey; Randolph, Gregory W.; Sebelik, Merry; Todsen, Tobias; Twier, Khaled; Fagan, Johannes J.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of MedicineBackground International thyroid nodule and cancer management guidelines generally fail to take into account potential limitations in diagnostic and treatment resources. Methods Thyroid cancer specialists from the African Head and Neck Society and American Head & Neck Society Endocrine Section developed guidelines for diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and cancer in low resource settings. Recommendations were based on literature review and expert opinion, with level of evidence defined. Results Using the ADAPTE process, diagnostic and treatment algorithms were adapted from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Low resource settings were simulated by systematically removing elements such as availability of laboratory testing, hormone replacement, imaging, and cytopathology from NCCN guidelines. Conclusions Successful management of thyroid nodules and cancer in low resource settings requires adaptation of treatment methodologies. These guidelines define specific scenarios where either more or less aggressive intervention for thyroid pathology may be advisable based on limited available resources.Item Building Comprehensive and Sustainable Health Informatics Institutions in Developing Countries: Moi University Experience(IOS, 2015) Were, Martin C.; Siika, Abraham; Ayuo, Paul O.; Atwoli, Lukoye; Esamai, Fabian; Department of Medicine, IU School of MedicineCurrent approaches for capacity building in Health Informatics (HI) in developing countries mostly focus on training, and often rely on support from foreign entities. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive and multidimensional capacity-building framework by Lansang & Dennis, and its application for HI capacity building as implemented in a higher-education institution in Kenya. This framework incorporates training, learning-by-doing, partnerships, and centers of excellence. At Moi University (Kenya), the training dimensions include an accredited Masters in HI Program, PhD in HI, and HI short courses. Learning-by-doing occurs through work within MOH facilities at the AMPATH care and treatment program serving 3 million people. Moi University has formed strategic HI partnerships with Regenstrief Institute, Inc. (USA), University of Bergen (Norway), and Makerere University (Uganda), among others. The University has also created an Institute of Biomedical Informatics to serve as an HI Center of Excellence in the region. This Institute has divisions in Training, Research, Service and Administration. The HI capacity-building approach by Moi provides a model for adoption by other institutions in resource-limited settings.Item Comparative social impacts of tourism on developing and developed countries(Yumpu, 2021) Wang, Suosheng; Tourism, Event & Sport Management, School of Health and Human SciencesThe synthesized major factors influencing tourism impacts on host communities include the type of tourism activities, the features of the host communities, and the nature of the interaction between tourists and host communities. The international tourism flows mainly feature tourism mobilities among the developed countries and from the developed countries to the developing countries. Given the economic and sociocultural differences between the developed and developing countries, it is deemed that the social impacts of tourism in the developing countries will be greater than in the developed countries, and more attention should be given to the host communities in the developing countries. Yet, no comparative social impacts of tourism are reported between the developed and developing countries. This study attempts to address this gap and alert people to the negative social impacts of tourism in developing countries.Item The Data Sharing Practices and Challenges in Uganda(2017-11) Tomusange, Issac; Yoon, Ayoung; Mukasa, NormanWith the rapid development and increased use of information and communication technology (ICT), the demand for data sharing and reuse is growing even in developing countries. This study aims to contribute to the recently emerging discussions on data sharing in developing countries with a focus on the case of Uganda. The goal of this study is to uncover the current practices of and efforts for data sharing in the public sector in Uganda and to understand the relevant stakeholders’ perceptions of data sharing and reuse practices/services.Item Determinants of Land Finance in China: A Study Based on Provincial-level Panel Data(Wiley, 2013-10) Ye, Fangzhi; Wang, Wen; School of Public and Environmental AffairsTapping land values to raise extra-budgetary funds for local coffers has been a prominent fiscal phenomenon in many developing countries. This article, based on a provincial-level panel dataset for the period 1999-2009, examines the factors behind Chinese local governments’ reliance on land finance. Our analysis shows that intergovernmental fiscal arrangements, such as the central-provincial fiscal imbalance, and the lack of adequate revenue capacity of sub-provincial governments, have encouraged local governments to exploit land leasing. There is also evidence suggesting that political factors might have a significant impact on land finance arrangements, but these tentative results need further investigation. This research contributes to the body of literature on intergovernmental fiscal relations, and improves our understanding of the dynamics and complexity of land finance arrangements in China. Policy implications are drawn from this analysis for further reforms of land management and intergovernmental financing in China and other developing countries facing similar challenges.Item Deworming Program In Low-Income Nicaraguan School(2020-04-24) Collins, Angela J.Infection of soil-transmitted helminths (STH), commonly referred to as intestinal worms, are estimated to plague over 1.5 billion of the world’s most impoverished communities. Developing countries bear the largest burden of STH infections due to lack of access to clean water, safe housing, sanitation infrastructure, education and healthcare. In 2017, the director of the World Health Organization’s Neglected Tropical Diseases department, stated, “There is now global consensus that periodic, large-scale deworming is the best way to reduce the suffering caused by intestinal worms,” [1]. In addition, numerous studies have shown significant efficacy particularly among school-based deworming interventions. Therefore, in order to best steward the health and wellbeing of their students, as well as to comply with the World Health Organization’s recommendations, the Granada Christian Education Center (GCEC) ― a primary school located in one of the poorest areas of Nicaragua ― is requesting $1000 in funding to establish a school-based deworming program among their growing student body.Item Infective Endocarditis in Low- And Middle-Income Countries(Elsevier, 2017-02) Njuguna, Benson; Gardner, Adrian; Karwa, Rakhi; Delahaye, François; Department of Medicine, School of MedicineInfective endocarditis (IE) is a rare, life-threatening disease with a mortality rate of upto 25% and significant debilitating morbidities. Although much has been reported on contemporary IE in high income countries, conclusions on the state of IE in low and middle income countries (LMICs) are based on studies conducted before the year 2000. Furthermore, unique challenges in the diagnosis and management of IE persist in LMICs. This article is a review of IE studies conducted in LMICs documenting clinical experiences from the year 2000 to present. We present the causes of IE, management of patients with IE and the prevailing challenges in diagnosis and treatment of IE in LMICs.