Browsing by Subject "cochlear implants"
Now showing 1 - 9 of 9
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item AUDIOVISUAL INTEGRATION OF SPEECH BY CHILDREN AND ADULTS WITH COCHEAR IMPLANTS(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2002) Kirk, Karen Iler; Pisoni, David B.; Lachs, Lorin; Department of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery, School of MedicineThe present study examined how prelingually deafened children and postlingually deafened adults with cochlear implants (CIs) combine visual speech information with auditory cues. Performance was assessed under auditory-alone (A), visual- alone (V), and combined audiovisual (AV) presentation formats. A measure of visual enhancement, RA, was used to assess the gain in performance provided in the AV condition relative to the maximum possible performance in the auditory-alone format. Word recogniton was highest for AV presentation followed by A and V, respectively. Children who received more visual enhancement also produced more intelligible speech. Adults with CIs made better use of visual information in more difficult listening conditions (e.g., when mutiple talkers or phonemically similar words were used). The findings are discussed in terms of the complementary nature of auditory and visual sources of information that specify the same underlying gestures and articulatory events in speech.Item Augmenting Consciousness through Invasive Technologies: How Do Cochlear Implant Patients Engage Activity in the World?(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2014-04-11) Finch, RJ; Srinivas, Preethi; Karanam, Yamini; Koval, Olesia; Faiola, AnthonyBackground: Our ability to understand the mind has focused primarily on the explanation of behavior, leaving the question of conscious experience untouched and quite enigmatic [1]. The psychology of consciousness pertains to functional notions of the inner state of being and intrinsic internal governing structures such as self-inwardness, self-awareness, attention, voluntary control, knowledge, etc [2]. Vygotsky stated that the: “social dimension of consciousness is primarily in time and in fact,” where “individual consciousness is derivative and secondary” [3]. He held to the philosophical grounding of the theory of activity [4], arguing that to adequately understand the individual, one must recognize the societal implications related to individual lives and their conscious engagement with the social world. Based on his “cultural-historical activity theory” (CHAT), he posited that cognitive operations are specifically sociocultural structures and processes [5] that incorporate cultural artifacts into activity or the cultural mediation of action. As such, CHAT can be used to observe the socially embodied self [6, 7], where consciousness is augmented by fusing minds and tools or technologies, what Dourish stated as embodied experiences of what we “see and understand” [8]. Within this sociocultural model, consciousness can be mediated through invasive technologies. For example, human-machine augmentation (HMA) exists in corrective medical procedures that implant technologies that restore, enhance, or correct the human function of hearing, vision, or cognition. In each case, these enhancements have the potential to make our lives better, while also being augmented and increasingly artificial. Problem: Surgically inserted into the inner ear, cochlear implants provide access to sound to the deaf by stimulating nerve fibers through auditory information received from the external world [9]. Studies have shown that after six months of implantation, children have a significant enhancement in mental shifting aptitude, picture vocabulary capability, working memory, and psychomotor speed [10]. While children with cochlear implants appreciate the opportunities afforded them through the implants, they still seem to suffer from social difficulties involving friendship and “fitting in” especially during adolescence. In some instances, studies have shown that adolescents with cochlear implants began to feel alienated and depressed because they perceive themselves as different from their peers [11]. Adult patients also experienced feelings of estrangement after implantation. One phenomenological study of a 50-year-old deaf woman (after a cochlear implantation) suggested that her embodied world experience of consciousness became distorted, while manifesting signs of paranoia, fear, anxiety, and danger [12]. Due to increasing use of augmenting technologies (such as cochlear implants), we argue that consciousness is being transformed by means of extending bodies and minds [13, 14]. We also hold that the blurring of the boundaries between natural consciousness and artificial systems is an evolutionary transition from mere humancomputer interaction to HMA. As such, we ask, if, and to what degree are invasive technologies changing self-awareness and the inner life of consciousness in the context of human activity? Are augmenting technologies positively impacting the evolution of consciousness and enhancing the sociocultural experience of implant recipients? Methods: Participants will include 30 adults between the ages of 18 and 50: 15 with cochlear implants and 15 without. The study will involve three methods of data collection: (1) A controlled in-lab study will include virtual 3D animated scenes in a CAVE, ranging from a calm natural environment with progressive degrees of complex change in the images and sounds, (2) A one-week observation using the Experience Sampling Method (7x per day cognitive/emotional logging), and (3) Post-test face-to-face interviews and questionnaire. We will also compare participants using physiological bio-sensory tracking during all three methods, including: heart rate (cardiac trends), galvanic skin response (moisture/electrical conductivity, skin temperature (body temp patterns), and heat flux (heat dissipation). Data analysis will help to determine patterns and correlations between cognitive activity, consciousness of surrounding (persons, things, and context) and physiological bio-readings. Broader Impact: The last two decades have seen the exponential emergence of mediational change in human consciousness due to the ubiquitous use of information technology. The intertwining nature of technology is profoundly influencing our relationship to the world. We argue that the synthesis of mind with technology (as psychological tool) is facilitating a different construction of consciousness: a product of an artificially assimilated system that convergences natural and artificial bodies and minds. This study hopes to identify significant differences in the affects of invasive technology on consciousness between users and non-users of cochlear implants.Item Cochlear Implants - Past, Present, & Future(2015-10-29) Miyamoto, Richard T.Item Contribution of Hearing Aids to Music Perception by Cochlear Implant Users(Taylor and Francis, 2015) Peterson, Nathaniel; Bergeson, Tonya R.; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, IU School of MedicineObjectives Modern cochlear implant (CI) encoding strategies represent the temporal envelope of sounds well but provide limited spectral information. This deficit in spectral information has been implicated as a contributing factor to difficulty with speech perception in noisy conditions, discriminating between talkers and melody recognition. One way to supplement spectral information for CI users is by fitting a hearing aid (HA) to the non-implanted ear. Methods In this study 14 postlingually deaf adults (half with a unilateral CI and the other half with a CI and an HA (CI + HA)) were tested on measures of music perception and familiar melody recognition. Results CI + HA listeners performed significantly better than CI-only listeners on all pitch-based music perception tasks. The CI + HA group did not perform significantly better than the CI-only group in the two tasks that relied on duration cues. Recognition of familiar melodies was significantly enhanced for the group wearing an HA in addition to their CI. This advantage in melody recognition was increased when melodic sequences were presented with the addition of harmony. Conclusion These results show that, for CI recipients with aidable hearing in the non-implanted ear, using a HA in addition to their implant improves perception of musical pitch and recognition of real-world melodies.Item Developing the Persian Version of Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale(Negah Institute for Scientific Communication, 2019-03) Darouie, Akbar; Joulaie, Mamak; Abdollahi, Farzaneh Zamiri; McConkey Robbins, Amy; Zarepour, Somayeh; Ahmadi, Tayebeh; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of MedicineObjectives: Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) is a useful tool for the quantitative evaluation of auditory behaviors in different situations. The present study aimed to develop the Persian version of IT-MAIS. Methods: There was 4 main steps in the translation and validation of the scale, as follows: forward translation, synthesis, backward translation, and expert committee discussion. Then, the final Persian version of the scale was analyzed in terms of reliability and validity. The scale was studied on the parents of 17 hearing impaired and 17 normal hearing children. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean score of scale between hearing impaired and normal hearing children (P≤0.001). The internal consistency of the items was satisfactory. The Cronbach’s alpha for the overall score was 0.93. Discussion: This study suggested that IT-MAIS-F can be a reliable and valid tool for the evaluation of the auditory function of children. However, the sample size of the study was small. Thus, studies with larger sample sizes are recommended. In addition, test-retest reliability of the scale was not studied.Item Effects of congenital hearing loss and cochlear implantation on audiovisual speech perception in infants and children(IOS Press, 2010) Bergeson, Tonya R.; Houston, Derek M.; Miyamoto, Richard T.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of MedicinePurpose Cochlear implantation has recently become available as an intervention strategy for young children with profound hearing impairment. In fact, infants as young as 6 months are now receiving cochlear implants (CIs), and even younger infants are being fitted with hearing aids (HAs). Because early audiovisual experience may be important for normal development of speech perception, it is important to investigate the effects of a period of auditory deprivation and amplification type on multimodal perceptual processes of infants and children. The purpose of this study was to investigate audiovisual perception skills in normal-hearing (NH) infants and children and deaf infants and children with CIs and HAs of similar chronological ages. Methods We used an Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm to present the same woman’s face articulating two words (“judge” and “back”) in temporal synchrony on two sides of a TV monitor, along with an auditory presentation of one of the words. Results The results showed that NH infants and children spontaneously matched auditory and visual information in spoken words; deaf infants and children with HAs did not integrate the audiovisual information; and deaf infants and children with CIs initially did not initially integrate the audiovisual information but gradually matched the auditory and visual information in spoken words. Conclusions These results suggest that a period of auditory deprivation affects multimodal perceptual processes that may begin to develop normally after several months of auditory experience.Item Executive Functioning Skills in Preschool-Age Children With Cochlear Implants(ASHA Publications, 2014-08) Beer, Jessica; Kronenberger, William G.; Castellanos, Irina; Colson, Bethany G.; Henning, Shirley C.; Pisoni, David B.; Department of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery, School of MedicinePurpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether deficits in executive functioning (EF) in children with cochlear implants (CIs) emerge as early as the preschool years. Method Two groups of children ages 3 to 6 years participated in this cross-sectional study: 24 preschoolers who had CIs prior to 36 months of age and 21 preschoolers with normal hearing (NH). All were tested on normed measures of working memory, inhibition-concentration, and organization-integration. Parents completed a normed rating scale of problem behaviors related to EF. Comparisons of EF skills of children with CIs were made to peers with NH and to published nationally representative norms. Results Preschoolers with CIs showed significantly poorer performance on inhibition-concentration and working memory compared with peers with NH and with national norms. No group differences were found in visual memory or organization-integration. When data were controlled for language, differences in performance measures of EF remained, whereas differences in parent-reported problems with EF were no longer significant. Hearing history was generally unrelated to EF. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that EF deficits found in older children with CIs begin to emerge as early as preschool years. The ability to detect these deficits early has important implications for early intervention and habilitation after cochlear implantation.Item Factors Affecting Speech Discrimination in Children with Cochlear Implants: Evidence from Early-Implanted Infants(American Academy of Audiology, 2016-06) Phan, Jennifer; Houston, Derek M.; Ruffin, Chad; Ting, Jonathan; Holt, Rachael Frush; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of MedicineBackground To learn words and acquire language, children must be able to discriminate and correctly perceive phonemes. Although there has been much research on the general language outcomes of children with cochlear implants (CIs), little is known about the development of speech perception with regard to specific speech processes, such as speech discrimination. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of speech discrimination in infants with CIs and identify factors that might correlate with speech discrimination skills. Research Design Using a Hybrid Visual Habituation procedure, we tested infants with CIs on their ability to discriminate the vowel contrast /i/-/u/. We also gathered demographic and audiological information about each infant. Study Sample Children who had received CIs before 2 yr of age served as participants. We tested the children at two post cochlear implantation intervals: 2–4 weeks post CI stimulation (N = 17) and 6–9 mo post CI stimulation (N = 10). Data Collection and Analysis The infants’ mean looking times during the novel versus old trials of the experiment were measured. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between the normalized looking time difference and the following variables: chronological age, age at CI stimulation, gender, communication mode, and best unaided pure-tone average. Results We found that the best unaided pure-tone average predicted speech discrimination at the early interval. In contrast to some previous speech perception studies that included children implanted before 3 yr of age, age at CI stimulation did not predict speech discrimination performance. Conclusions The results suggest that residual acoustic hearing before implantation might facilitate speech discrimination during the early period post cochlear implantation; with more hearing experience, communication mode might have a greater influence on the ability to discriminate speech. This and other studies on age at cochlear implantation suggest that earlier implantation might not have as large an effect on speech perception as it does on other language skills.Item Verbal Processing Speed and Executive Functioning in Long-Term Cochlear Implant Users(American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2015) AuBuchon, Angela M.; Pisoni, David B.; Kronenberger, William G.; Department of Psychology, IU School of SciencePurpose: The purpose of this study was to report how verbal rehearsal speed (VRS), a form of covert speech used to maintain verbal information in working memory, and another verbal processing speed measure, perceptual encoding speed, are related to 3 domains of executive function (EF) at risk in cochlear implant (CI) users: verbal working memory, fluency-speed, and inhibition-concentration. Method: EF, speech perception, and language outcome measures were obtained from 55 prelingually deaf, long-term CI users and matched controls with normal hearing (NH controls). Correlational analyses were used to assess relations between VRS (articulation rate), perceptual encoding speed (digit and color naming), and the outcomes in each sample. Results: CI users displayed slower verbal processing speeds than NH controls. Verbal rehearsal speed was related to 2 EF domains in the NH sample but was unrelated to EF outcomes in CI users. Perceptual encoding speed was related to all EF domains in both groups. Conclusions: Verbal rehearsal speed may be less influential for EF quality in CI users than for NH controls, whereas rapid automatized labeling skills and EF are closely related in both groups. CI users may develop processing strategies in EF tasks that differ from the covert speech strategies routinely employed by NH individuals.