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Item Cigarette smoking is associated with cortical thinning in anterior frontal regions, insula and regions showing atrophy in early Alzheimer’s Disease(Elsevier, 2018-11) Durazzo, Timothy C.; Meyerhoff, Dieter J.; Yoder, Karmen K.; Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineBackground Magnetic resonance imaging studies of cigarette smoking-related effects on human brain structure primarily focused on cortical volumes. Much less is known about the effects of smoking on cortical thickness. Smokers and Non-smokers were compared on regional cortical thickness. We predicted smokers would demonstrate greater age-related thinning localized to anterior frontal regions that serve as nodes for the executive, salience, and emotional regulation networks (ESER regions) and those demonstrating significant atrophy in early Alzheimer’s Disease (AD regions). Methods Non-smokers (n = 41) and smokers (n = 41), 22–70 years of age, completed a 4 T MRI study. Regional cortical thickness was quantitated via FreeSurfer. In smokers, associations between smoking severity, decision-making, impulsivity, and regional cortical thickness were examined. Results Smokers demonstrated cortical thinning in the medial and lateral OFC, insula, entorhinal, fusiform, middle temporal, and Composite AD regions. In Smokers, greater pack-years were associated with thinner lateral OFC, middle temporal, inferior parietal, fusiform, precuneus, and Composite AD regions. In Smokers, poorer decision-making/greater risk taking was related to thinner cortices in caudal ACC, rostral middle frontal and superior frontal gyri, and Composite ESER. Higher self-reported impulsivity was associated with thinner rostral and caudal ACC. Conclusions This study provides additional evidence that cigarette smoking is associated with thinner cortices in regions implicated in the development and maintenance of substance use disorders and in regions demonstrating significant atrophy in early AD. The novel structure-function relationships in Smokers further our understanding of the neurobiological substrates potentially underlying the neuropsychological abnormalities documented in smokers.Item Gender Differences in Smoking Attitude among Saudi Medical Students(APOCP, 2022-06) Alnasser, Ali Hassan A.; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Kheimi, Rawan Maatouk A.; Alibrahim, Raja Mohsin S.; Albanawi, Narjes Abdullah H.; Almeshal, Abduljalil Khamis A.; Alsomali, Hayat Mohammed H.; Al Kalif, Mohammed Sheker H.; Ahmed, Huda Haider Al Sayed; Khamees, Sukainah Hussain A.; Al-Thubiani, Wafa Safar S.; Alqurashi, Dalal Siadi M.; Alrashed, Abdullah Ali A.; Alburaih, Jasem Ahmad H.; Alnasser, Aqeela Ali H.; Medicine, School of MedicineBackground: Smoking is a growing public health problem throughout the world. However, the attitude of males and females toward smoking may differ. Therefore, this study examines gender differences in smoking behavior and attitude among Saudi medical students. Methods: From January 2020 to August 2020, a snowball cross-sectional online survey was conducted in five major regions of Saudi Arabia. Medical students (18 years or older) were invited to respond to the questionnaire. Results: Out of the 421 respondents, 255 (60.6%) were female, 243 (57.7%) were between 18 and-24-year-old, and 164 (39%) were from the Eastern Province. The overall prevalence of smoking was 25.4% and was higher among males than females [(44% and 13.3%, respectively), P < 0.001]. However, there was no significant difference in the mean score of the overall attitude towards smoking between males and females [(3.02±0.44 and 3.00±0.34), respectively, P=0.64]. However, more female students believed e-cigarettes were harmful to health than male students [(4.19±1.04 and 4.45±0.9), respectively, P=0.002]. Conclusion: The study showed that male students smoke more than female students, and there were no significant differences in the overall attitudes score towards smoking. Therefore, campaigns are needed to decrease smoking rate, especially among male students.Item Modelling Nicotine Self-Administration Using Drinking-in-the-Dark(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2015-04-17) Frazee, Ashley; Kasten, Chelsea; Boehm, StephenAlthough cigarette smoking is a widely recognized problem in the United States, few animal models of nicotine self-administration exist. One aim of this study was to develop a new model of nicotine selfadministration in animals. The Drinking in Dark (DID) model, in which ethanol access is given for two hours, three hours into the dark cycle, can be easily altered to investigate nicotine intake and withdrawal. We found that animals will readily consume around 6 mg/kg of nicotine per day, which is equivalent to smoking approximately 3-4 cigarettes. A second aim of the study was to test pharmacological manipulations in the model. Two areas of focus for pharmaceutical manipulations involve GABA and acetylcholine. On the fifth day of nicotine DID we administered baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist, or mecamylamine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, immediately prior to nicotine consumption. We found that baclofen, but not mecamylamine, reduced nicotine intake (p < .05). The final aim of the study will be to test for face validity of the model. A separate group of mice will be given access to nicotine or saccharin for 5 or 10 days using DID procedures. Face validity of the model will be tested using the elevated plus maze and by observing locomotor activity during spontaneous withdrawal, approximately 55 hours following the last DID presentation. Taken together, these studies suggest that nicotine DID is a valid model of voluntary nicotine intake that can be tested for smoking treatments, as well as the neurobiological underpinnings of repeated nicotine use.Item Smoking and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes(Elsevier, 2017-06) Maddatu, Judith; Anderson-Baucum, Emily; Evans-Molina, Carmella; Department of Medicine, IU School of MedicineDespite accumulating evidence demonstrating strong epidemiologic and mechanistic associations between cigarette smoking, hyperglycemia, and the development of type 2 diabetes, tobacco abuse has not been uniformly recognized as a modifiable risk factor in diabetes prevention or screening strategies. In this review, we highlight population-based studies that have linked cigarette smoking with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and summarize clinical and preclinical studies offering insight into mechanisms through which cigarette smoking and nicotine exposure impact body composition, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β cell function. Key questions for future studies are identified and strategies for smoking cessation as a means to decrease diabetes risk are discussed.