Browsing by Subject "childhood"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and their Impact on Substance Misuse & Overall Health
    (Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 2018-03) Balio, Casey; Greene, Marion
    Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) encompass a wide variety of distressing events, including emotional, physical, or sexual abuse; witnessing maternal domestic violence; or living with a household member who has a substance use disorder, is mentally ill or suicidal, or is currently or was ever incarcerated during the first 18 years of a child’s life. According to most recent estimates, nearly half of Indiana’s youth have experienced at least one ACE in their life. ACEs are linked to many risk behaviors, including substance use, which can adversely affect health outcomes.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Adversity in Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development: Evidence From Four Developing Countries
    (Frontiers, 2022-12-12) Manalew, W. Samuel; Tennekoon, Vidhura S.; Lee, Jusung; O'Connell, Bethesda; Quinn, Megan; Economics, School of Liberal Arts
    Objectives: We investigated whether adverse experiences at age 1 (AE-1) affect the level of and change in cognition during childhood using harmonized data from four developing countries. Methods: Data included children born in 2001/2002 and were followed longitudinally in 2006/2007 and in 2009/2010 by Young Lives study in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Childhood cognition was measured using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) at ages 5 (PPVT-5) and 8 (PPVT-8). We also examined the effect on a change in cognition between age 5–8 (PPVT-Change). The AE-1 scores were constructed using survey responses at age 1. The ordinary least squares regression was used for estimation. Results: We found that children with higher adversities as infants had lower cognition scores at ages 5 and 8. The change in cognition between the two ages was also generally smaller for those with severe adversities at infancy. The negative association between adversities and childhood cognition was strongest for India. Conclusion: The results provide policy relevant information for mitigation of undesirable consequences of early life adversities through timely interventions.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Doctoral Capstone: A Process Evaluation of the Implementation of Trust-Based Relational Interventions within Indian Creek Schools
    (2023-05-02) McGillem, Cassandra L.; Petrenchik, Terry; Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences; Long, Eric
    This doctoral capstone project focuses on conducting a process evaluation of the implementation of Trust-Based Relational Interventions (TBRI) within Indian Creek Schools. TBRI is a trauma-informed approach that focuses on connecting with, empowering, and correcting children to obtain positive behavior changes (Purvis et al., 2013). With increasing literature surrounding trauma and its negative impact on the occupation of education, occupational therapists have the opportunity to advocate for trauma-informed practices within the school setting. This doctoral capstone began with a needs assessment and literature review which allowed the capstone student to gather pertinent background information regarding TBRI and the site. The capstone student attended a TBRI caregiver training, created and distributed surveys to the teachers at Indian Creek Schools, and conducted interviews with the teachers. 15.6% (n=21) of the teachers (n=134) completed a survey and 6.7% (n=9) of the teachers participated in an interview with the capstone student. While this was a low response rate, the capstone student was able to share with the site the data regarding the evaluation of the implementation process. The process evaluation revealed that the teachers felt either unequipped to apply TBRI or did not see the value in utilizing TBRI. Both of these factors lead to the inconsistent implementation of TBRI within Indian Creek Schools. This low implementation fidelity has led to many teachers abandoning the program prior to meeting desired outcomes. Understanding the current process of implementation is a key baseline component to ensure the future success of TBRI in meeting the needs of the Indian Creek Schools.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Exercise Completed When Young Provides Lifelong Benefit to Cortical Bone Structure and Estimated Strength
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2013-04-05) Warden, Stuart J.; Roosa, Sara Mantila; Hurd, Andrea L.; Fuchs, Robyn K.
    Exercise induces greatest bone gains during growth, yet reduced bone strength is an age-related phenomenon. This raises the question of whether exercise-induced bone changes when young persist into adulthood. The current studies used Major/Minor League Baseball (MLB/MiLB) players to explore whether exercise-induced gains in humeral bone structure and strength accrued when young persist lifelong. MLB/MiLB players are a unique model as the unilateral upper extremity loading associated with throwing enables the contralateral side to serve as an internal control site and former MLB/MiLB players were consistently exposed to extreme loading reducing secular variations in exercise levels between generations. Dominant-to-nondominant (D-to-ND) differences in humeral cross-sectional properties in MLB/MiLB players were normalized to matched controls to correct for side-to-side differences due to elevated habitual loading associated with arm dominance. Exercise when young induced significant skeletal benefits, with active MLB/MiLB players having nearly double the estimated ability to resist torsion (polar moment of inertia, IP) in the humerus of their dominant arm. The cortical bone mass and area benefits of exercise observed in active MLB/MiLB players were lost in former MLB players following 40-49 years of detraining as a result of elevated medullary expansion and endocortical trabecularization. However, 42% of the total bone area benefit persisted following 50+ years of detraining and contributed to the maintenance of 24% of the benefit on IP. In MLB players who continued to exercise during aging, medullary expansion and endocortical trabecularization were reduced and there was maintenance of the cortical bone mass and area benefits of exercise. These cumulative data indicate: 1) the extreme plasticity of the growing skeleton to exercise; 2) that exercise when young has lifelong benefits on cortical bone size and estimated strength, but not bone mass, and; 3) exercise continued during aging maintains the bone mass benefits of exercise.